Trace indicators

Figure 3.4 Two-dimensional separation of dimethylnaphthalenes in crude oil using a 50 m methyl (95%)/phenyl (5%) polysiloxane primary column and a 50 m methyl (50%)/phenyl (25%)/cyanopropyl (25%) polysiloxane secondary column. The top trace indicates the primary separation monitor, while the following chromatograms indicate individual heart-cut secondary analysis. Reproduced from R.G. Schafer and J. Holtkemerr, Anal. Chim. Acta. 1992, 260, 107 (20).

Figure 4. Effect of maitotoxin (MTX, 2-6 x 10 g/mL) on the contractile response of guinea pig left (a) and right (b) atria. MTX was administered at the arrow. Numbers above the tracing indicate the times after the application of MTX. The horizontal calibration indicates 4 min for the tracing recorded at a slower sweep speed and 4 sec for that recorded at faster speed. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 20. Copyright 1987 Elsevier)...

FIG. 2. Simultaneous recording of membrane currents and Ca2+ fluorescence. (A) Upper and lower traces indicate the time courses of membrane current and [Ca2+] respectively. Cells were voltage-clamped at — 60 mV. Pipette contained Cs aspartate internal solution supplemented with 50 M fura-2. (B) Expanded time-courses of membrane current and [Ca2+] form the dotted box in A. TG, thapsigargin 2-APB, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. 

The study in which eight exercising subjects were exposed to concentrations at 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm for 4 h and one subject was exposed at these concentrations for 6 h (Utell et al. 1997) is relevant to the derivation of the AEGL-1. The absence of any measurable adverse effect indicates that these concentrations are below those defined by the AEGL-1. No symptoms, clinical signs, or respiratory effects were associated with these exposures. It should be noted that EKG tracings indicated that the heart responded in a normal manner for all exposures, even during exercise. 

The salient features of the GC-MS data for the neutral extract components separated from PCB contaminated sediment in New Bedford harbor, Massachusetts are given in Fig. 16. The TIC trace indicates a major UCM with super-... 

Fig. 13.21 shows another example of oscillatory burning of an RDX-AP composite propellant containing 0.40% A1 particles. The combustion pressure chosen for the burning was 4.5 MPa. The DC component trace indicates that the onset of the instability is 0.31 s after ignition, and that the instability lasts for 0.67 s. The pressure instability then suddenly ceases and the pressure returns to the designed pressure of 4.5 MPa. Close examination of the anomalous bandpass-filtered pressure traces reveals that the excited frequencies in the circular port are between 10 kHz and 30 kHz. The AC components below 10 kHz and above 30 kHz are not excited, as shown in Fig. 13.21. The frequency spectrum of the observed combustion instability is shown in Fig. 13.22. Here, the calculated frequency of the standing waves in the rocket motor is shown as a function of the inner diameter of the port and frequency. The sonic speed is assumed to be 1000 m s and I = 0.25 m. The most excited frequency is 25 kHz, followed by 18 kHz and 32 kHz. When the observed frequencies are compared with the calculated acoustic frequencies shown in Fig. 13.23, the dominant frequency is seen to be that of the first radial mode, with possible inclusion of the second and third tangential modes. The increased DC pressure between 0.31 s and 0.67 s is considered to be caused by a velocity-coupled oscillatory combustion. Such a velocity-coupled oscillation tends to induce erosive burning along the port surface. The maximum amplitude of the AC component pressure is 3.67 MPa between 20 kHz and 30 kHz. - ...

The MCI spectrum of psoralen (Fig. 9.25) indicates that resonance capture is occurring so that most of the ion current is carried hy the molecular ion at m/z 186. The associated GC trace indicates that ionisation is ca 10 times more efficient for the same amount of psoralen in comparison with El. In addition, since most of the ion current is channelled into the molecular ion, an analytical method which selectively monitored the molecular ion of psoralen would be ca 40 times more sensitive if NICI conditions were used rather than El. The technique only works for compounds which are electron capturing. The small ion at m/z 218 indicates that the psoralen has also formed an adduct with traces of oxygen present in the instrument, i.e. true chemical ionisation. 

Neurotransmitters in the body are not normally made of radioactive atoms. Researchers make radioactive versions by adding radioactive atoms to the solution in which chemical reactions produce the molecule. For example, hydrogen-3 can be incorporated into parts of a dopamine molecule instead of hydrogen-1. Brain tissue can be cut into thin slices, exposed to radioactive dopamine (or other radioactive molecules), and then examined for radioactive traces, indicating receptors to which dopamine has attached. These procedures are known as autoradiography. 

At Probe startup, the traces indicated by markers will be displayed automatically. 

My dialog box is set up so that Probe will run after the simulation is complete and Probe will display all traces indicated by markers. Change your settings to match the dialog box above and click the OK button to return to the schematic. 

THREE AXIAL LVDT S PARALLEL TRACES INDICATE UNIFORM SPECIMEN SEPARATION... 

In early work no such NMR chemical shift changes relative to those of the parent components were observed for polypseudorotaxanes with aliphatic backbones and aliphatic crown ethers as the cyclic species [108, 109]. Model studies were performed with 18-crown-6 (18C6), which is so small that it cannot be threaded. The recovery of intact 18C6 under conditions identical with those for the syntheses of the polyrotaxanes ruled out the possibility of side reactions. The effective removal of the small crown ether by precipitation into a solvent which was poor for backbone but good for the cyclic demonstrated the effectiveness of the purification procedure. In addition, reaching a constant min value after multiple precipitations and the absence of the peak for free crown ether in GPC traces indicated that the larger crown ethers detected by NMR in the purified polymeric products were indeed threaded rather than simply mixed. 

Ionic conductivity of purified Na+ channels reincorporated into phospholipid bilayers, (a) The current through a single channel is measured as a function of time. Downward deflections of the traces indicate openings of the channel (increased current of Na+ across the membrane). The numbers on the right indicate the electric potential difference across the membrane (Atji). When Ai// is made less negative, the channel opens more frequently and stays open longer. 

Figure 1. PC2 channels inhibited by Gd3+. The top panel shows currents obtained from PC2 incorporated into a bilayer. This is a control trace showing Cs+ current measured at 15 mV transmembrane potential. The solid and broken lines to the right of the traces indicate the closed and open states, respectively. The second and third traces show currents after the addition of Gd3+. The bottom panel shows the concentration dependence of the block by Gd3+, circles when added to the cytoplasmic side, squares when added to the lumenal side. The Kd is 206 pM Gd3+ only blocks when added to the cytoplasmic side. Modified from (Anyatonwu and Ehrlich 2005)...

Figure 3.5 Two-dimensional GC analysis of tobacco essential oil using non-polar primary and polar secondary separations. The top trace indicates the primary separation, with the four resulting heart-cut chromatograms shown below being obtained on the transfer of approximately 1-2 min fractions of primary eluent. Reproduced from B.M. Gordon et al. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1988, 26, 174 (23).

Figure 6 Heat flow vs. time data for a drug (NCE-HC1), an excipient (sucrose) and a binary mixture of the two (observed). The observed trace is different from the theoretical compatible trace, indicating a possible incompatibility (courtesy of Thermometric Ltd.).

Figure 12.16 Typical planar bilayer Na+ conductance traces for 10 pmol 12.36 at +50 mV (top trace) and -50 mV (bottom trace) in aqueous buffer using symmetrical KC1 conditions. The arrows at the left hand side of the traces indicates the current level of the closed state. Peaks indicate the opening of individual ion channels (reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry).

Figure 3. HPLC Analysis of Ginsenosides. Ginsenosides were isolated from spent broth in which either no organism (upper trace), Trichoderma hamatum (middle trace) or Pythium irregulare (lower trace) had been cultured for five days at 25 °C in the dark. Ginsenosides were chromatographed on a Microsorb-MV C-18 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 mm) using an acetonitrile H20 gradient (Nicol et al., 2002), and detected at 203 nm. The in the lower trace indicates the unknown metabolite found in the spent broth of Py. irregulare.

In the last equality here we have introduced the partial Wigner transforms of the density matrix and operator. The prime on the trace indicates a trace over the subsystem degrees of freedom. All information on the quantum initial distribution is contained in pw R,P, 0). In the evaluation of this expression we assume that the time evolution of Bw R, P,t) is given by Eq. (4). This... 

Figure 2. SEM view of wood fibers impregnated with brominated phenol-formaldehyde resin. The line trace indicates bromine concentration in the wood...

Figure 3-19. Photodissociation of HI monomers and clusters. The solid traces indicate the substantial discrimination available when using polarized photolysis radiation note the high S/N. Under conditions of such minimal clustering, it is reasonable to assume that most of the clusters are binary. Peaks labeled v = 1 and v = 2 are due to inelastic H + HI collisions within the cluster. The superelastic peak ft is assigned tentatively to secondary photolysis of I HI complexes, in which the escaping hydrogen deactivates the nearby I, (a) Vertical and (b) horizontal polarization of the photolysis radiation relative to the molecular beam. The plenum pressure is 1900 torr.

Figure 2.13 Operation of an SCR. The upper trace represents the ac voltage from the power supply as input into the SCR. The shaded regions, reproduced in the lower trace, indicate the voltage across the heating elements, as permitted by the SCR.

Figure 12. Ion channel activity in neuronal membrane at (i) -60 mV, control (ii) -60 mV after exposure to 21 (10 pM) (iii) 0 mV (iv) +60 mV in symmetrical K+ conditions. The short horizontal bars at the left of the traces indicate the current level of the closed state.

Figure 15.15. Comparasion of MALDI spectra of E. coli (strain ATCC 11775) grown in different laboratories, under the same experimental conditions. The asterisks on the bottom trace indicate common peaks in the two spectra.31,32 [Top trace reprinted, with permission, from Z. Wang, L. Russon, L. Li, D. C. Roser, and S. R. Long, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 12, 1998, 456 -64. Investigations of Spectral Reproducibility in Direct Analysis of Bacteria Proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry . 1998 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Bottom trace reprinted, with permission, from Catherine Fenselau and Plamen A. Demirev, Mass Spectrometry Reviews 20, 2001, 157-171. Characterization of Intact Microorganisms by Maldi Mass Spectrometry. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Inc.]...

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