Toxin expression

Toxin expressed as g/lOOg in fact is fxg saxitoxin-equivalents per lOOg tissue of shellfish from April (A) to October (0). Depicts information gained from annual survey. 

Heimbeck G., Bugnon V., Gendre N., Haberlin C. and Stocker R. F. (1999) Smell and taste perception in Drosophila melanogaster larva toxin expression studies in chemosensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 19, 6599-6609. 

Astiz, M., Saha, D., Lustbader, D., Lin, R., Rackow, E. Monocyte response to bacterial toxins, expression of cell surface receptors, and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines during sepsis. J Lab Clin Med 128 (1996) 594-600. 

Generally speaking, the peptide toxins from marine animal sources are more natural product-like than their terrestrial counterparts, as on average they are smaller in size and more heavily modified. For this reason, in this chapter, we will concentrate on the peptide toxins expressed by cone snails and sea anemones as quintessential examples of natural peptide toxins suitable for therapeutic uses. 

Williams, S., Friedrich, L., Dincher, S., Carozzi, N., Kessmann, H., Ward, E. and Ryals, J. (1993). Chemical regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endo-toxin expression in transgenic plants. Bio/Technology 7,194-200. 

Elimination of centrifugation and filtration in large industrial-scale isolations is a major driving force for the introduction of EBA in the isolation of therapeutic proteins. Streamline chelating (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) has been tried to purify two vaccine candidates for clinical studies His6-tagged modified diphtheria toxin, expressed in E. coli, and malaria-transmission-blocking vaccine, secreted from S. cerevisiae ... 

Amperometry at single PC 12 cells has also been used in conjunction with a genetic cell transfection protocol to examine the effects of toxin expression on basal and evoked exocytosis. PC 12 cells have been transfected with the specific endoprotease Botulinum neurotoxin Cl light chain (BoNT/Cl), which cleaves the proteins syntaxin and SNAP-25 [5], The molecular dissection of the mechanisms underlying exocytosis has been motivated by the SNARE hypothesis, which postulates that exocytosis requires the assembly of the plasma membrane proteins syntaxin 1, SNAP-25, and the vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP) into a complex [5], This SNARE complex then acts as a receptor for cytosolic components of the proposed fusion machinery. Direct evidence for the role of the SNARE proteins in neurotransmission comes from molecular genetic studies in which syntaxin and VAMP have been shown to be required for neurotransmission in Drosophila [47 9] and Caenorhabditis elegans [50,51]. To assess the effects of the disruption of SNARE proteins on exocytosis in PC 12 cells, amperometry has been used in conjunction with a genetic cell transfection assay to establish a... 

Recombinant Baculoviruses Expressing Insect Toxins. The first attempt to modify a NPV for increased insecticidal activity was conducted by Carbonell et al 33) in which an insect-specific toxin (BelT) from the scorpion Buthus eupus was incorporated into the AcNPV genome. Although low levels of toxin expression were confirmed, the recombinant NPV did not result in quicker killing rates of host insects. Failure to improve killing activity may be due to an insufficient level of toxin expression by AcNPV, an incorrect sequence of toxin DNA, and/or insufficient or incorrect folding of the toxin following expression. 

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