Townes, Charles

See also Cogeneration Technologies Edison, Thomas Alva Electricity Electric Motor Systems Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Systems Matter and Energy Regulation and Rates for Electricity Siemens, Ernst Werner von Tesla, Nikola Thomson, Joseph John Townes, Charles Liard Turbines, Gas Turbines, Steam Volta, Alessadro Wlieatstone, Charles. 

Townes, Charles H. How the Laser Happened Adventures of a Scientist. New York Oxford University Press, 1999. A personal account by a Nobel laureate that describes some of the leading events in twentieth-century physics. 

Townes, Charles H. How the Laser Happened Adventures of a Scientist. New York Oxford University Press, 1999. 

Charles Hard Townes operates an atomic clock. (Corbis-Bettmann)... 

The career of Charles H. Townes and the development of the laser exemplify the technological revolution of the twentieth centui y. hollowing the second world war, the United States experienced a golden age of science. Basic research flourished with unprece-... 

Pioneers such as Charles Hard Townes helped steer the course for this era in the history of energy, and in doing so forged a path for scientists to come. 

Peny, T. S. (1991). Charles H. Townes Masers, Lasers More. TEEE Spectrwn 28 32. 

Dreybrodt W (1997) Chemical kinetics, speleothem growth, and climate. In Climate Change The Karst Record. S-E Lauritzen (ed) Karst Waters Institnte Special Pnbhcations 2 Charles Town, West Virginia p... 

In response to conditions in Leblanc towns the beginnings of an environmental movement developed. Among the social reformers and writers who protested were Charles Dickens, Disraeli, Mrs. Gaskell, and Emile Zola. 

Radioastronomers first learned of 3He in 1955 at the fourth I.A.U. Symposium in Jodrell Bank, when the frequency of the hyperfine 3He+ line at 8.666 GHz (3.46 cm) was included by Charles Townes in a list of radio-frequency lines of interest to astronomy (Townes 1957). The line was (probably) detected for the first time only twenty years later, by Rood, Wilson Steigman (1979) in W51, opening the way to the determination of the 3He abundance in the interstellar gas of our Galaxy via direct (although technically challenging) radioastronomical observations. In the last two decades, a considerable collection of 3He+ abundance determinations has been assembled in Hi I regions and planetary nebulae. The relevance of these results will be discussed in Sect. 4 and 5 respectively. 

An outstanding presence was assured by Prof. Charles Townes, one of the inventors of the laser, who was invited in occasion of the forty-year celebration of the Nobel Prize award in Physics for the discovery of the laser. His lecture during the ceremony was one of the most exciting moments... 

Maria Cruz MORENO-BONDI Dept. Analytical Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid E-28040 Madrid Spain Charles H. TOWNES Physics Dept University of California 557 Bridge, Berkeley CA 94720-7300 USA... 

Strontium - the atomic number is 38 and the chemical symbol is Sr. The name derives from Strontian, a town in Scotland . The mineral strontianite is found in mines in Strontian. The element was discovered by the Scottish chemist and physician Thomas Charles Hope in 1792 observing the brilliant red flame color of strontium. It was first isolated by the English chemist Humphry Davy in 1808. 

Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the MASER (microwave... 

Crystals can be used as amplifiers of microwave radiation and as sources of radiation having a single wavelength and frequency. A maser amplifies the intensity of microwaves by taking advantage of a principle that was first discovered by the American physicist and Nobel laureate, Charles Townes. 

In 1878, French chemist Jean-Charles-Galissard de Marignac reported his analysis of the mineral erbia. Erbia was one of the minerals found a century earlier in an interesting new rock called yttria. The rock had been discovered outside the town of Ytterby, Sweden, in 1787 by Swedish army officer Carl Axel Arrhenius (1757—1824). In the century that followed Arrhenius discovery, chemists worked hard to find out what elements were in yttria. Earlier chemists thought erbia was a new element, but Marignac disagreed. He said that erbia consisted of two new elements, which he called erbium and ytterbium. 

Several circumstances conspired in favour of the rising power of absolutism. The want of union between the different provinces deprived their efforts of the necessary strength but it was, above all, the bitter antagonism between the classes of the nobles and the citizens of the towns which Charles employed for the degradation of both. ... 

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