Total production maintenance, defined

Cost Calculation. The main elements determining production cost are identical for fine chemicals and commodities (see Economic evaluation), a breakdown of production cost is given in Table 2. In multipurpose plants, where different fine chemicals occupying the equipment to different extents are produced during the year, a fair allocation of costs is a more difficult task. The allocation of the product-related costs, such as raw material and utiHties, is relatively easy. It is much more difficult to allocate for capital cost, labor, and maintenance. A simplistic approach is to define a daily rent by dividing the total yearly fixed cost of the plant by the number of production days. But that approach penalizes the simple products using only part of the equipment. 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

The crane simulation is also performed within a few seconds. The size and the complexity depend on the problem instance. Since the number of batches is always fixed, the main factor affecting the number of binary variables is the number of maintenance jobs. It should be mentioned that each schedule optimization run also considers two previous batches that are already in production from a resource availability perspective. The initial situation based on the previous batches, defines the complexity. If the production is far from the ideal production cycle, the flexibility may be very low and the main task of the optimization is to increase the total throughput as fast as possible. At this point, the schedule is very sensitive to additional disturbances, which may directly affect the throughput. However, when an optimal production cycle has been reached, a rescheduling optimization may use the existing flexibility (for instance time buffers between the most critical steps) to minimize or to eliminate the throughput decrease caused by disturbances. 

Fixed cost indicator is derived form the total capital cost of the system. It defined as 5% of capital cost. It comprise operational and maintenance cost for whole system, including hydrogen production and its utilization for the electric energy production. 

In routine analysis, standardized total instrument systems are installed and perfected in respect to robustness. The goal is a maintenance free, cleanly defined procedure and in the end efficiency the production of as large as possible a number of secured data per time unit. This goal influences the whole system. In the following two Sections, characteristics of HPLC in routine analysis and research are compared. 

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