Topographical determinant

It appears to be generally accepted that, at least for lysozyme, most of the antigenic determinants are assembled topographic determinants. This concept is supported by the observation that little or no crossreactivity occurs between native and denatured lysozymes (Thompson etal., 1972). 

The powerful influence of mechanical factors on these phenomena produces distinctive physical features on affected metal surfaces, as well as determining the locations where the damage occurs. Hence, metal wastage influenced by mechanical factors can be sensitive to geometric shapes and topographical features (surface contours). It is, in this sense, location specific. 

We have already discussed a number of applications of the SEM to materials characterization topographical (SE) imaging, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDS) and the use of backscattering measurements to determine the composition of binary alloy systems. We now shall briefly discuss applications that are, in part, spe-... 

Mean wind speed and direction The air flow is assumed to be horizontal, but the flow may be tilted (to yield a vertical component) due to local topographic effects. The mean wind speed determines the convection of the stack emissions. 

HOW TO DETERMINE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE FROM TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS... 

To determine the latitude and longitude of your facility you will need a topographic map from United States Geological Survey (USGS). 

Fig. 1. Topographic STM scan of a bundle of nanoiubes. STS data were collected at points (1), (2), and (3), on tubes with diameters of 8.7, 4.0, and 1.7 nin, respectively. The diameters were determined from image cross-sections of the variations in height in a direction perpendicular to the tubes (adapted from...

Heights determined by these methods should be regarded as a guide rather than as a mathematically precise decision. The conclusions may need to be modified in the light of particular local circumstances such as valleys, hills and other topographical features. 

Surface features can also be revealed by etching, which permits identification of points of intersection of line dislocations with the surface, and this is valuable in determining the role of these imperfections in chemical processes [45,214] and, in particular, nucleus formation. Smaller topographical details can be rendered visible by the evaporation of a thin (<0.5 nm) film of gold onto the surface [215,216]. Heights and depths of surface features can be determined by interferometry [203—205]. Microcinematography has also been used [217] to record the progress of solid phase reactions. 

Oxidizer concentration is also one of the important factors in determining material removal rate, and it was found to increase with the oxidizer concentration [43,106]. With the increase of oxidizer concentration, both Wa and Ra decrease at first and then increase, the optimum concentration is 1 wt %, and relative low oxidizer concentration helps to get lower Wa and Ra values as shown in Figs. 36(a) and 36(b). High concentration of oxidizer may result in excessive corrosive wear, which will lead to the increasing of topographical variations. 

A first-order estimate of the impacts of the flood scenario can be obtained through an evaluation of the flood depth map after it has been overlaid onto an electronic version of a standard topographic map that depicts roads, buildings, and public facilities. Such maps are useful for preparing evacuation plans and selecting locations for roadblocks. The FLDWAV output files may be consulted to determine the time characteristics of the flood, such as the time from the dam breach to the onset of flooding, and the duration of flooding. 

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