Toluidin blue

Chemical Name 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium chloride Common Name Dimethyltoluthionine chloride blutene chloride toluidine blue 0 Structural Formula ... 

Toluidine-blue prepared as above described presents the following characteristic properties It consists principally of the hydrochlorate of dimethyltoluthionine, the composition of which corresponds to the formula Ci5H,5N3S-HCI. 

Quantitation of heparin by photodensitometry may be performed after staining the electrophoretic strips with such dyes as Alcian Blue or Toluidine Blue. Alternatively, the heparin- dye complex may be eluted, for spectrophotometry in solution.68... 

Another approach aiming at the mechanism of the primary photoreaction was undertaken by Lang-Feulner and Rau107). They incubated mycelia of Fusarium in photodynamically active (methylene blue, toluidine blue, neutral red) or inactive... 

III. Transmission electron microscopy of radish seeds Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of radish seeds was done as listed below For TEM preparations, the specimens after fixation and dehydration, were embedded in Epon 812 resin (Luft, 1961). Thick sections (ca. 1mm each) were stained with 0.1% toluidine blue and observed with a Zeiss light photomicroscope. Thin sections, obtained with a diamond knife on a Supernova microtome, were sequentially stained at room temperature with 2% uranyle acetate (aqueous) for 5 min and by lead citrate for 10 min (Reynolds, 1963). Ultrastructural studies were made using a Philips CM12 transmission electrone microscope (TEM) operated at 80 KV. 

FIGURE 1-2 TransversesectionofarabbitlumbarspinalcordatL-1. Gray matter is seen as a paler-staining area in an H configuration formed by the dorsal and ventral horns with the central canal in the center ( ). The dorsal horns would meet the incoming dorsal spine nerve roots at the upper arrows. The anterior roots can be seen below (lower arrows), opposite the ventral horns, from which they received their fibers. The white matter occupies a major part of the spinal cord and stains darker. Epon section, 1 pm, stained with toluidine blue. 

FIGURE 4-2 Light micrograph of a 1 pm Epon section of rabbit peripheral nerve (anterior root), stained with toluidine blue. The myelin sheath appears as a thick black ring around the pale axon. (Courtesy of Dr Cedric Raine.)... 

Section with glass or diamond knives 1 mm thick section Stain with Richardson s stain or toluidine blue Reface block so that trapezoid contains desired tissue Thin section using glass or diamond knives... 

Section with glass knives or diamond knife and ultramicrotome. Note Usually thick sections (1 pm) are cut, affixed to glass microscope slides, and stained 5-15 min at 40-50°C with toluidine blue solution (1 g toluidine blue and 1 g of sodium borate in 100 mL H20), The block is then refaced so that the trapezoid encompasses the desired tissue. Thin sections of gray, silver, or gold interference colors are cut. 

For staining, apply a drop of stain and warm on a hot plate 60°C for 30 s (1% toluidine blue in 1% sodium borax). 

The manometric methods described (e.g., L7, W3) are based on the uptake of either carbon monoxide or oxygen, the former using MHb as electron acceptor in the presence of toluidine blue, the latter using the dye as the terminal acceptor in a system involving the following reactions ... 

Toluidine blue + NADPH + H+ Leucotoluidine blue + NADP+ (13)... 

Reaction (12) is under control of G-6-PDH, reaction (13) is catalyzed by MHbR and provides the limiting rate, while reaction (14) is nonenzymatic and indicates the measurable oxygen uptake. The blank in this method contains no dye and the unit of MHbR system is defined as the increase of 02 uptake of one micromole per hour after the addition of an excess of toluidine blue (L7). The determination of MHbR activity in hemolyzates demands the further addition of G-6-P, G-6-PDH, and NADP to the system (W3), the enzyme activity being thus assayed independently from the physiological function of G-6-PDH system. 

Various solutions have been proposed for the reduction or elimination of autofluorescence. One way is to chemically suppress the autofluorescence signal with some reagents such as sodium borohydride, glycine or toluidine blue. However, in many cases, these approaches are either infeasible or ineffective, and none of them fully eliminates the problem. The second way is to use spectral unmixing algorithms subtracting the background fluorescence. This is only possible if you have at your disposal complicated, expensive confocal optics with sophisticated automated software (http //www.cri-inc.com/applications/fluorescence-microscopy.asp). 

KPVS) and the indicator is usually o-toluidine blue (OTB). It is necessary for kx to be much larger than k2 (which is usually the case for poly electrolytes). If for example a cationic poly electrolyte together with OTB is titrated with KPVS, a polyelectrolyte complex is initially formed until no free polyelectrolyte is left to react with the KPVS. At this point, KPVS starts to react with OTB and a colour shift from light-blue to purplish-red indicates the end point. The titration relies upon the formation of a 1 1 complex, which is generally true provided that the ionic strength is low. 

A kinetic and mechanistic study of the reaction between toluidine blue (TB) and sulfite has shown a first-order dependence on both reactants, a stoichiometric ratio of 1 1 and pH dependence. The reactive species are TB+ and ions and Cu(II)... 

Mechanisms involving glycol bond fission have been proposed for the oxidation of vicinal diols, and hydride transfer for other diols in the oxidation of diols by bromine in acid solution.The kinetics of oxidation of some five-ring heterocyclic aldehydes by acidic bromate have been studied. The reaction of phenothiazin-5-ium 3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methyl chloride (toluidine blue) with acidic bromate has been studied. Kinetic studies revealed an initial induction period before the rapid consumption of substrate and this is accounted for by a mechanism in which bromide ion is converted into the active bromate and hyperbromous acid during induction and the substrate is converted into the demethylated sulfoxide. 

Cell walls in the necrotic tissue of these wounds were browned. Staining with diazotized Q-tolidine and toluidine blue confirmed the polypheno-lic nature of these brown depositions, which may have resulted from the polymerization of the stilbenes present in large quantities in spruce bark. Phenolic residues were deposited on the walls of certain cells internal to the necrotic tissues by 10 days after wounding. By 36 days these cells had become thick-walled. The precise nature of substances responsible for this thickening has not been determined, variable responses being obtained with histochemical tests for lignin (cf. Table I). Suberin was detectable in cells immediately underlying the thick walled cells, which corresponded to the... 

Figure 3. Hyphae (arrowed) of Armillaria obscura in thick walled cells (TC) overlying the necrophylactic periderm (NP) in Picea siichensis. Bark sectioned and stained with toluidine blue as previously described (15). Scale bar = 25 /im.

---