Tobacco comorbidity

Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2 244—268, 1994... 

Comorbid dysthymia and substance disorder. A total of 642 patients were assessed. Thirty-nine had substance-related disorder and dysthymia (SRD-dysthymia) and 308 had SRD only. Data on past use were collected by a research associate using a questionnaire. The patients with SRD-dysthymia and SRD did not differ with regard to use of alcohol, tobacco, and benzodiazepines. The patients with SRD-dysthymia started caffeine use at an earlier age, had shorter use careers of cocaine, amphetamines, and opiates, and had fewer days of cocaine and cannabis use in the last year. They also had a lower rate of cannabis... 

Mortality secondary to cardiovascular disease is 10 to 30 times greater in dialysis patients than in the general population. In addition to traditional cardiac risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tobacco use, and physical inactivity, patients with kidney disease have other unique risk factors. Among these are hyper-homocysteinemia, elevated levels of C-reactive protein, increased oxidant stress, and hemodynamic overload. Complications previously discussed such as anemia and metabolic disorders of CKD are also contributory. In particular, arterial vascular disease (i.e., atherosclerosis) and cardiomyopathy are the primary types of cardiovascular disorders present in the CKD population. These disorders lead to development of ischemic heart disease and its manifestations including myocardial infarction. As a predominant comorbidity, cardiovascular disorders and their sequela are the leading cause of death in the ESKD population. ... 

Multiple patient factors may impact biomarker expression. For example, hydration status, medication, diet, tobacco use, exercise, concomitant diseases, or comorbidities may confound interpretation of biomarker values. For tissue biopsies, anesthetic agents and tissue ischania should be considered. Capturing this type of information at the time of sample collections may aid in identification of patient-related confounding factors that inflnence biomarker valnes and interpretation. 

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