Titanium oxidized, Auger electron

Atomic absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine the trace quantities of other metal contaminants in titanium dioxide pigments [36]. Auger electron spectroscopy has been used to directly determine the levels of Ti in oxide layers [37]. 

Fig. 13.1 Auger electron survey spectrum from a titanium dental implant surface, showing that the surface consists of a titanium surface oxide, with a carbon contamination overlayer and some trace impurities (3 keV primary electrons,...

One characteristic of CAA oxides is that they contain significant amounts of fluorine. Sputter depth-profiles obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy(53,5s,65) show a buildup of fluorine in the barrier layer. Although adsorbed fluorine is considered detrimental to aluminum adhesive bonds (as discussed earlier in Section 2.4),( 2) CAA titanium oxides exhibit remarkable bond durability, probably because the fluorine is incorporated into the oxide rather than adsorbed onto it. 

Other surface analytical techniques, such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) have been utilized to show that the elements of the titanium alloys are present in their surface oxides [78]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) studies showed that the oxides of the Ti-6Al-4 V alloy have a more complex microstructure and a different crystallinity, which are properties that could affect the biocompatibility of these titanium alloy implants. 

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