Titanium density values

A list of density values for common commercial titanium alloys is given in Table 3. 

TABLE 3—Room temperature density values for some commercial titanium alloys. 

Experimental evidence for such a stmcture containing titanium vacancies can be correlated with an experimental density value smaller than the one of pure TiOF2 (i.e. 3.06 g.cm ). Indeed, using two different density measurement methods bromobenzene pycnometry and helium pycnometry, similar values were obtained 2.628(3) and 2.631(2), respectively. 

Platinised titanium anodes may be operated at current densities as high as 5 400 Am however at these current densities there is the possibility that the breakdown potential of titanium may be exceeded. The normal operating current density range in seawater is 250-750 Amwhilst that in brackish waters is given as 100-300 Am with values within the range... 

A typical Ziegler-Natta catalyst is the complex prepared from titanium tetrachloride and triethylaluminium. It is fed into the reaction vessel first, after which ethylene is added. Reaction is carried out at low pressures and low temperatures, typically no more than 70 °C, with rigorous exclusion of air and moisture, which would destroy the catalyst. The poly(ethylenes) produced by such processes are of intermediate density, giving values of about 0.945 g cm. A range of relative molar masses may be obtained for such... 

Figure 3.38. Experimental densities of titanium oxides (continuous lines). The upper dotted line gives the values computed for a 100% occupancy of the cation sites in the NaCl structure type (from Hyde and Andersson 1989).

The magnitude of n is related to the density of the substance and varies from 1.000 and 1.3333 for vacuum and water, to about 1.5 for many polymers and 2.5 for white pigment, titanium (IV) oxide (titanium dioxide). The value of n is often high for crystals and is dependent on the wavelength of the incident light and on the temperature. It is usually reported for the wavelength of the transparent sodium D line at 298 K. Typical refractive indices for polymers range from 1.35 for polytetrafluoroethylene to 1.67 for polyarylsulfone. 

Figures 5-41 and 5-42 compare CpTiCp (centroid) bond angles in titanium cyclopentadienyl dichloride complexes from PM3 and BP/ 6-31G calculations, respectively, with experimental values for these and other compounds dealt with in this section from X-ray crystallography. Due to practical limitations, the data used for comparison with the density functional calculations are a subset of that used in comparison with PM3. Both models perform well in separating those systems where the cyclopentadienyl rings are spread far apart from those where they are closer together.

That is, ttcr is directly proportional to K c/cry) since oh is a fraction of Oy. Thus, the larger the value of acr, the more attractive is the material, since cracks can be easily detected without the use of sophisticated equipment. The Ashby plot of fracture toughness versus density (Figure 8.10) indicates that of the three classes of materials selected with Criterion 1, only the engineering composites and engineering alloys provide suitable possibilities for Criterion 2. Again, of the alloys, titanium, steel, nickel, and copper alloys are the best here. 

Alloying molybdenum with titanium (similarly, chromium with vanadium) results in an increased electron density in the metal. At e/a values < 5.1, empty electron states are still available near the Fermi level however, at higher e/a, the solute hydrogen atoms evidently no longer can pull empty states below the Fermi level, and hydrogen solubility is sharply inhibited. 

The mean systematic deviation between the observed and the calculated values of the unit cell s mass—or, what amounts to the same thing, the density-increases as S/Ti decreases. Now, the sulfides belonging to the TiS2 and Ti2S3 phases are always well crystallized, and the errors in measuring lattice parameters and densities are of the same order. It is thus not unreasonable that the increase of this deviation should be due to the creation of sulfur vacancies, which proceeds simultaneously with the insertion of titanium. The observation has been previously made in connection with other analogous systems in which there is a transition from the compound MX2 to MX. 

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