Titanates perovskite

Beauchesne, S., Poirier, J. P. (1989). Creep of barium titanate perovskite a contribution to a systematic approach to the viscosity of the lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 55, 187-99. 

Despont L, Koitzsch C, Clerc F, Gamier MG, Aebi P, Lichtensteiger C, Triscone J-M, Garcia de Abajo FJ, Bousquet E, Ghosez Ph (2006) Direct evidence for ferroelectric polar distortion in ultrathin lead titanate perovskite films. Phys Rev B 73 094110... 

Itoh M, Wang R, Inaguma Y, Yamaguchi T, Shan YJ, Nakamura T (1999) Ferroelectricity induced by oxygen isotope exchange in strontium titanate perovskite. Phys Rev Lett 82 3540... 

The diffusion characteristics of Ni ions were evaluated in non-doped, Ho-doped polycrystalline and single-crystal barium titanate perovskite using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The bulk diffusion coefficients of Ni at 1100 to 1400C were described by ... 

Maeda, K. (2014) Rhodium-doped barium titanate perovskite as a stable p-type semiconductor photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution under visible light. 

The presence of lithium on the large interstitial site in lithium lanthanum titanate perovskites gives rise to exceptional ionic mobility. The lithium conductivity in this system can be as high as 10 S cm at room temperature, i.e. several orders of magnitude higher than many other fast lithium ion conductors. However, it must be noted that this is the value of conductivity within a crystallite and the presence of grain... 

Titanium IV) oxide, T1O2. See titanium dioxide. Dissolves in concentrated alkali hydroxides to give titanates. Mixed metal oxides, many of commercial importance, are formed by TiOj. CaTiOj is perovskite. BaTiOa, per-ovskite related structure, is piezoelectric and is used in transducers in ultrasonic apparatus and gramophone pickups and also as a polishing compound. Other mixed oxides have the il-menite structure (e.g. FeTiOj) and the spinel structure (e.g. MgjTiO ). 

Oxygen Octahedra. An important group of ferroelectrics is that known as the perovskites. The perfect perovskite stmcture is a simple cubic one as shown in Figure 2, having the general formula ABO, where A is a monovalent or divalent metal such as Na, K, Rb, Ca, Sr, Ba, or Pb, and B is a tetra- or pentavalent cation such as Ti, Sn, Zr, Nb, Ta, or W. The first perovskite ferroelectric to be discovered was barium titanate [12047-27-7] and it is the most thoroughly investigated ferroelectric material (10). 

Simple ABO compounds in addition to BaTiO are cadmium titanate [12014-14-17, CdTiO lead titanate [12060-00-3] PbTiO potassium niobate [12030-85-2] KNbO sodium niobate [12034-09-2], NaNbO silver niobate [12309-96-5], AgNbO potassium iodate [7758-05-6], KIO bismuth ferrate [12010-42-3], BiFeO sodium tantalate, NaTaO and lead zirconate [12060-01 -4], PbZrO. The perovskite stmcture is also tolerant of a very wide range of multiple cation substitution on both A and B sites. Thus many more complex compounds have been found (16,17), eg, (K 2 i/2) 3 ... 

Certain glass-ceramic materials also exhibit potentially useful electro-optic effects. These include glasses with microcrystaUites of Cd-sulfoselenides, which show a strong nonlinear response to an electric field (9), as well as glass-ceramics based on ferroelectric perovskite crystals such as niobates, titanates, or zkconates (10—12). Such crystals permit electric control of scattering and other optical properties. 

Perovskites have the chemical formula ABO, where A is an 8- to 12-coordinated cation such as an alkaU or alkaline earth, and B is a small, octahedraHy coordinated high valence metal such as Ti, Zr, Nb, or Ta. Glass-ceramics based on perovskite crystals ate characteri2ed by their unusual dielectric and electrooptic properties. Examples include highly crystalline niobate glass-ceramics which exhibit nonlinear optical properties (12), as well as titanate and niobate glass-ceramics with very high dielectric constants (11,14). 

Lead zirconate [12060-01 -4] PbZrO, mol wt 346.41, has two colorless crystal stmctures a cubic perovskite form above 230°C (Curie point) and a pseudotetragonal or orthorhombic form below 230°C. It is insoluble in water and aqueous alkaUes, but soluble in strong mineral acids. Lead zirconate is usually prepared by heating together the oxides of lead and zirconium in the proper proportion. It readily forms soHd solutions with other compounds with the ABO stmcture, such as barium zirconate or lead titanate. Mixed lead titanate-zirconates have particularly high piezoelectric properties. They are used in high power acoustic-radiating transducers, hydrophones, and specialty instmments (146). 

Barium carbonate also reacts with titania to form barium titanate [12047-27-7] BaTiO, a ferroelectric material with a very high dielectric constant (see Ferroelectrics). Barium titanate is best manufactured as a single-phase composition by a soHd-state sintering technique. The asymmetrical perovskite stmcture of the titanate develops a potential difference when compressed in specific crystallographic directions, and vice versa. This material is most widely used for its strong piezoelectric characteristics in transducers for ultrasonic technical appHcations such as the emulsification of Hquids, mixing of powders and paints, and homogenization of milk, or in sonar devices (see Piezoelectrics Ultrasonics). 

Barium titanate is usually produced by the soHd-state reaction of barium carbonate and titanium dioxide. Dielectric and pie2oelectric properties of BaTiO can be affected by stoichiometry, micro stmcture, and additive ions that can enter into soHd solution. In the perovskite lattice, substitutions of Pb ", Sr ", Ca ", and Cd " can be made for part of the barium ions, maintaining the ferroelectric characteristics. Similarly, the TP" ion can partially be replaced with Sn +, Zr +, Ce +, and Th +. The possibihties for forming solution alloys in all these stmctures offer a range of compositions, which present a... 

Voigt, J. A. Tuttle, B. A. Headley, T. J. Lamppa, D. L. 1995. The pyrochlore-to-perovskite transformation in solution-derived lead zirconate titanate thin films. In Ferroelectric Thin Films IV, edited by Tuttle, B. A. Desu, S. B. Ramesh, R. Shiosaki,T. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 361 395 102. 

Finally, a number of other mixed oxides that do not have the perovskite structure have also been examined. For example, niobium titanates with the rutile structure,tetragonal tungsten bronze... 

The great ability of the perovskite structure AMOs and of the rock salt type structure AO to adapt to each other, forming intergrowths (AMOs)m(AO)n, as shown, for instance in titanates (Sr-Ti03)mSr0 (n=l) (1). 

Barium titanate is one example of a ferroelectric material. Other oxides with the perovskite structure are also ferroelectric (e.g., lead titanate and lithium niobate). One important set of such compounds, used in many transducer applications, is the mixed oxides PZT (PbZri-Ji/Ds). These, like barium titanate, have small ions in Oe cages which are easily displaced. Other ferroelectric solids include hydrogen-bonded solids, such as KH2PO4 and Rochelle salt (NaKC4H406.4H20), salts with anions which possess dipole moments, such as NaNOz, and copolymers of poly vinylidene fluoride. It has even been proposed that ferroelectric mechanisms are involved in some biological processes such as brain memory and voltagedependent ion channels concerned with impulse conduction in nerve and muscle cells. 

---