Tip design

Elevated Flares See Flares for a general definition. The elevated flare, by the use of steam injection and effective tip design, operates as a smokeless combustion device. Flaring generally is of low luminosity up to about 20 % of maximum flaring load. Steam injection tends to introduce a source of noise to the operation, and a compromise between smoke elimination and noise is usually necessary. When adequately elevated (by means of a stack) this type of flare displays the best dispersion characteristics for malodorous and toxic combustion products. Visual and noise pollution often creates nuisance problems. Capital and operating costs tend to be high, and an appreciable plant area can be rendered unavailable for plant operations and equipment because of excessive radiant heat. 

A flare performance chart for the hydrocarbon being flared, should be consulted for additional guidelines on flare tip design. Figure 3 provides a provisional performance chart for propane. The chart defines the design envelop of exit velocities and steam ratios necessary to avoide smoke formation, excessive noise, flame boilover and flame lift-off. 

Figure 11. Continued - Other typical smokeless elevated flare tip designs.

Sahin, O., Magonov, S., Su, C., Quate, C., and Solgard, O., An atomic force microscope tip designed to measure time-varying nanomechanical forces. Nature Nanotechnology, 336, 1037, 2007. 

Figure 2. Solution STM design with single tube piezo, remote approach and fast retract capabilities, large solution capacity, and solution-insulated tip (tip design inset) (Reprinted with permission from ref. 98. Copyright 1988 American Institute of Physics.)...

Innovative SPE technology employing microelution plate design is shown in Fig. 2.4. Tip design of the well plate provides a smaller surface... 

Fig. 2.4. Schematic of the microelution plate design. Tip design of the 96-well plate affords a smaller surface area and larger depth, more like an HPLC column, and permits good flow through the plate and low holdup volume on the order of nanoliters [36],...

Catheter malfunction was the most frequent event (obstruction, total occlusion, and peritoneal adhesions 13,10, and 3.1 events per 100 patient-years respectively). Flushing sometimes prevented occlusion. Better tip design had a big effect. Adhesion formation decreased with daily injections of heparin. The frequency of ketoacidosis was comparable to that reported with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and was usually related to catheter obstruction. It diminished during the review period. Episodes of severe hypoglycemia were fewer than during intensive subcutaneous therapy. 

The channel black process involves the impingement of natural gas flames on 20- to 25-cm channel irons that are slowly reciprocated over scrapers to remove soot deposits. The type of black produced is controlled by burner-tip design, burner-to-channel distance, and air supply (degree of partial combustion). 

Figure 7.51. Advanced AFM tip designs. Shown (top) are SWNT-terminated AFM tips (scale bars are 10nm)[l06] and (bottom) an AFM tip terminated with an individual gold nanoparticle (diameter of 14nm).[106]a...

Fig. 4. Experimental determination (i) of in case of linear elastic material behaviour (ii) of K ir by correction with the radius of the plastic zone, present at the vicinity of the crack tip designs the crack length used for...

K. Vanhoutte, W. van Dongen, E.L. Esmans, On-line nano-LC-ESI-MS Effect of the mobile-phase composition and the ESI tip design on the performance of a NanoFlow ESI, Rapid Conunun. Mass Spectrom., 12 (1998) 15. 

Luer tip designed to hold, well, lock the syringe barrel onto the apparatus, including needles (Fig. 44). You push the lock onto the receptacle and, with a twist, lock the s5Tdnge barrel to it. You ll have to untwist this beast to release the syringe barrel. 

It was found that a horizontal installation, with the magnetostrictive sensor axis parallel to the liquid surface, was mandatory for repeatable operation. One manufacturer preferred a 15° inclination to the horizontal, w hich appeared to be most suitable for his particular probe tip design. A variety of probe configurations were tested. The majority of the units utilized a diaphragm as the sensing element. 

Fig. 2-10. Basic screw tip designs, (a) Plain or smearhead (dissaembled). (b) Sliding ring (disassembled). (c) Ball check (assembled).

The performance of SECM experiments in association with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is typically carried out using a commercial instrument. The concept involves converting the AFM tip into an electrode to operate as the SECM tip, and using the force signal to control its position above the sample surface [127-131]. The tip design (see discussion in Section 12.2.3) is critical and its fabrication technically challenging these points currently limit the take-up of this method. 

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