Tin oxide electrodes

Figure 1. Cyclic voltammogram on a tin oxide electrode modified with a thin film of poly-1. A sweep rate of 50mV/s was emp 1 oved in CH3CN containing 0.1 M TBAPFS. E vs. Ag+(0.1 M AgN03 in DMSO)/Ag.

Decomposition takes place on the outer indium tin oxide electrode ... 

A.R. Schlatmann, D.W. Floet, A. Hilberer, F. Garten, P.J.M. Smulders, T.M. Klapwijk, and G. Hadziioannou, Indium contamination from the indium tin-oxide electrode in polymer light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69 1764—1766, 1996. 

A typical vaponr deposited EL device consists of a glass snbstrate coated with a conducting transparent indinm tin oxide electrode, on top of which is a 100-500 A hole transport layer (HTL), followed by a thin (= 100 A) light emitting layer (EML), then a 100-500 A electron transport layer (ETL) and finally a cathode of an alloy such as Mg Ag. This is illustrated in Fignre 3.32. 

Electrodeposition on transparent material such as indium tin oxide (ITO) can be used for electrochromic applications [328]. Pb deposition on indium-tin oxide electrode occurs by three-dimensional nucle-ation with a diffusion-controlled growth step for instantaneous nucleation [329], and the electrode process has also been studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [328]. 

By media variables we mean the solvent, electrolyte, and electrodes employed in electrochemical generation of excited states. The roles which these play in the emissive process have not been sufficiently investigated. The combination of A vV-dimethylformamide, or acetonitrile, tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate and platinum have been most commonly reported because they have been found empirically to function well. Despite various inadequacies of these systems, however, relatively little has been done to find and develop improved conditions under which emission could be seen and studied. Electrochemiluminescence emission has also been observed in dimethyl sulfite, propylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, trimethylacetonitrile, and benzonitrile.17 Recently the last of these has proven very useful for stabilizing the rubrene cation radical.65,66 Other electrolytes that have been tried are tetraethylam-monium bromide and perchlorate1 and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide and iodide.5 Emission has also been observed with gold,4 mercury,5 and transparent tin oxide electrodes,9 but few studies have yet been made1 as to the effects of electrode construction and orientation on the emission character. 

In nonaqueous solutions, the usable potential range is large, on the order of 5 V. This potential range allows a wide variety of oxidations and reductions to be examined. Some typical values on different types of film electrodes are reported in Table 11.2 [75]. The electrolysis of several organic compounds in these solvents has been characterized. A general observation is that the tin oxide electrode appears more suited to studies of reduction processes than of oxida-... 

P.M. Armistead and H.H. Thorp, Modification of indium tin oxide electrodes with nucleic acids detection of attomole quantities of immobilized DNA by electrocatalysis, Anal. Chem., 72 (2000) 3764-3770. 

Ru02 has been proposed to modify indium tin oxide electrodes used in storage photoelectrolysis devices [490]. Ru02 has been reported to increase the electocatalytic activity of the system while the optical transparency is not compromised even at relatively high catalyst loads. Acceleration of photocatalytic H2 evolution in mixed solvents upon deposition of Ru02 on Ti02 single crystals has also been reported [491]. 

Fig. 4.3 Isostatically pressed tin oxide electrodes for producing high quality glasses the length of the longest electrode in the illustration is approximately 500 mm. (The contacting stubs may be wrapped with silver foil to reduce resistance.) (Courtesy of Dyson Technical Ceramics.)...

Fig. 4.4 Heating a glass melt the power (I2R) is introduced directly into the melt via tin oxide electrodes.

Some similar features were observed concerning the adsorption and electrochemical oxidation of DNA on glassy carbon and tin oxide electrodes [68]. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded in buffer solution without DNA after adsorption of DNA onto the electrode surface during a predetermined time at a fixed potential suggesting the possibility of using adsorption to preconcentrate DNA on solid electrode surfaces and use this DNA-modified electrode for analytical purposes. 

Kay, A. and M. Gratzel (2002). Dye-sensitized core-shell nanocrystals Improved efficiency of mesoporous tin oxide electrodes coated with a thin layer of an insulating oxide. Chemistry of Materials, 14(7), 2930-2935. 

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