Stochastic Errors in Time-Domain Signals

Following Gabrielli et al., the potential imposed between the working electrode and the reference electrode 

Under the assumptions that the gain of the operational amplifier Av is large and that the reference electrode impedance Z f is small, the dominant stochastic error in the regulation signal consists of additive contributions from the reference electrode and the operational amplifier as 

As equation (21.4) is not a function of frequency, it applies to both time and frequency domains. 

The regulation noise induces, through the electrochemical cell impedance, a parasitic current fluctuation /reg(0 that can be calculated from 

The response of the current measurement channel is given by Eout the noise in the current measurement channel is given by 

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