Time, minimizing radiation exposure

For the interventional staff, radiation exposure is a product of the procedure, and the occupational dose received during all such procedures should be minimized to the extent possible without compromising appropriate patient care, a precaution referred to as ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). Relevant aspect to minimize radiation exposure is reducing the amount of fluoroscopy and cine time to the clinically required minimum. It is important to avoid the Tead-foot syndrome the operator must learn to press the fluoroscopy pedal briefly, when it is necessary to confirm the sheath position, and to reflexively take his or her foot off the pedal whenever looking away from the television monitor [8]. 

In the execution of decontamination processes, special equipment is required in order to ensure full decontamination success and to save time and expenses, and minimize radiation exposure. Since this equipment, which mostly is used once a... 

In general the optimization of radiation protection implies a choice from a set of protective measures such as shielding, remote operation and tooling to minimize radiation exposure time. To this end, feasible options should be identified, criteria for comparison and appropriate values for them should be determined and, finally, the options should be evaluated and compared. Details of different structured approaches to making decisions are given in Annex I. 

Isolation of radioactive wastes for long periods to allow adequate decay is sought by the use of multiple barriers. These include the waste form itself, the primary containers made of resistant materials, overpacks as secondary layers, buffer materials, concrete vaults, and finally the host rock or sod. Barriers limit water access to the waste and minimize contamination of water suppHes. The length of time wastes must remain secure is dependent on the regulatory limit of the maximum radiation exposure of individuals in the vicinity of the disposal site. 

ALARA principle time, distance, and shielding. We should minimize our time working with radioactive materials, maximize the distance between us and the source of radiation, and use proper shielding to minimize our exposure. Finally, we must make sure that we understand and follow all the facility procedures and regulations regarding the use of radioactive materials so that our safety and that of our patients are assured. 

An optimum molten salt extraction process at Rocky Flats would use the minimum amount of salt required to obtain (1) a desired removal of americium, (2) a minimum transfer of plutonium to the salt, and (3) a minimum take-up of magnesium by the plutonium metal product. The product salt must be compatible with subsequent chemical processes for the recovery of americium and plutonium contained in the salt. To minimize the number of glove-box operations, time in the gloves, and operator radiation exposure, the operations must be simple and easy to conduct. By using the minimum amount of salt feed, a minimum amount of waste will be generated that ultimately must be sent to long-term storage. 

A. Time (Minimizing Exposure Time). The less time spent within a radiation field, the lower the dose. By having mock-ups and trial runs of jobs where the possibility of significant exposures exists, workers can minimize their doses. 

In common with all techniques involving radioactivity, particular care is taken to ensure that the hazard from the irradiated samples is minimized. The electronics of the y-ray spectrometry systems used in this technique cannot work at very high count rates and so it is not usually necessary or even advisable to induce high levels of radioactivity in samples for activation analysis. There is now a greater stress on the principle of keeping risk as low as possible, and so use is made of automation to reduce the contact time for radiation workers. Figure 9 shows a totally automated system for the irradiation and analysis of samples, avoiding any exposure to radiation for the operator. 

When you are working with radiation and/or radioactive sources, you will use three methods to minimize your exposure time, distance, and shielding. You can reduce the dose from a radiation source... 

When you are working with radiation and/or radioactive sources, you will use three methods to minimize your exposure time, distance, and shielding. You can reduce the dose from a radiation source by limiting the time that you are exposed to the radiation. You can minimize the dose by increasing the distance between you and the source. This is very effective with most a-and //-sources since they don t travel far in air. Radiation emissions follow the inverse square law, which states that the dose rate falls by the square of the distance. This means that if you double the distance between you and the source then the intensity of the radiation will fall by a factor of 4. 

A. 1222. In the description of the design considerations for the facility and equipment it shall be demonstrated that external and internal radiation exposures of facility personnel and the general public are based on the radiation protection policy described in para. A. 1203. It shall be described how the design philosophy reduces the exposure of personnel, minimizes the undesirable production of radioactive material, reduces the need and the time spent for maintenance and operational activities with the possibility of internal or external exposure, and keeps the releases of radioactive material to the environment as low as reasonably achievable. 

In order to minimize the radiation dose, the inspection time is limited to 30 seconds of exposure (programmable) after which the X-ray on/off shutter will shutter off the X-rays and the block must be unloaded. A timer will keep the operator informed of the time that has elapsed. 

Ultraviolet wavelengths of 290-310 nm from the UV-B band of radiation constitute the principal tissue-damaging rays of the sun, which are not fully atmospherically filtered. An hour s exposure to the summer sun and its damaging rays can produce a painful burn with a characteristic erythema. The skin has natural mechanisms to prevent or minimize such sun-induced trauma, but it takes time to set these into place. Upon... 

Figure 49 is a simplified diagram of an x-ray proximity printer showing the source, x-ray confinement cavity, mask, and wafer. As discussed previously, it is necessary to design a source with as small a radiating area as possible in order to minimize penumbral shadowing and with a maximum intensity of x-rays to minimize exposure time. Watts and Maldonado have extensively reviewed conventional x-ray sources, and the reader is referred to that work for additional details. 

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