Thrombosis definition

Tamoxifen users present also a doubling incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) (118 vs. 62 cases). This increase is similar to that seen with HRT. There are some aspects of this side effect that should be commented on to improve the management of women eligible for tamoxifen treatment and at risk for DVT (Goldhaber 2005). In the subanalysis of the Italian study (Decensi et al. 2005), the venous thromboembolism definition included DVT, PE, and superficial phlebitis. Most of the VTE that the authors reported were, in fact, cases of superficial phlebitis, whereas the admitted definition of venous thromboembolism excludes this entity. Such conceptual differences, together with differences in age and background characteristics between the four studies, can explain the diversity in the incidences observed. 

The reported incidence of resistance to these drugs varies greatly, from less than 5% to 75%. In part this tremendous variation in incidence reflects the definition of resistance (recurrent thrombosis while on antiplatelet therapy vs in vitro testing), methods by which drug response is measured, and patient compliance. Several methods for testing aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in vitro are now FDA-approved however, their utility outside of clinical trials remains controversial. 

In this regard, a forum was recently hosted by the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis [6]. In a definitive move toward standardizing the assay of EMP, six laboratories submitted detailed protocols, which were then published in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. This effort is a milestone in the process of reaching a consensus between the different laboratories measuring EMPs and may signal a new era in the area of clinical EMP research. 

Local injection treatment methods for non-varicose bleeding have proved uncomplicated, quick to carry out, independent of location, extremely reasonable in terms of cost and also very successful. Absolute alcohol, adrenaline, pohdocanol and hypertonic sodium solution are among the active substances used. (26) A combination of suprarenin and pohdocanol has meanwhile been established as first choice adrenaline (0.005—0.01%) is injected into the mucous membrane surrounding the lesion in order to induce vasoconstriction. Directly afterwards, pohdocanol (1%) or a hypertonic NaCl solution may be injected at the edges of the lesion, resulting in local oedema with vascular compression and thrombosis. The reported effectiveness of this method for primary haemostasis is 83—100%, and definitive haemostasis is attained in 91 —94% of cases. The complication rate is < 1%. 

G.C. White 11, F. Rosendaal, L.M. Aledort, J.M. Lusher, C. Rothschild, J. Ingerslev, for the Factor VIII and Factor IX Subcommittee. Definitions in hemophilia recommendation of the Scientific Subcommittee on Factor VIII and Factor IX of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Thromb He-most 2001)85 560. 

Early diagnosis is important, since the earlier the treatment is begun, the better the prognosis. Treatment w ith streptokinase or other agents which reduce intravascular thrombosis should not be started unless a definite diagnosis has been made. 

Despite these uncertainties, there seems to be a general tendency in the reported studies to support the hypothesis that low doses of aspirin may be more effective in anti-thrombotic therapy than the conventional doses. As mentioned, the results of these studies vary somewhat in terms of definite recommendations of the lowest, clinically useful dose of the drug for prevention of thrombosis, possibly due to the factors discussed above. Perhaps an even better solution would be to use long intervals between doses preferably the drug should not be given more often than... 

There was a definitive improvement in the frequency of healing and healing time and in the relapse rate in the patients with previous thrombosis on a-tocophcrol, although the differenc.e was not significant. However, the rate of healing showed a significant difference between the treated and the control group. 

Many papers have described the risk of recurrence of cerebral AVMs after complete AVM occlusion confirmed by postoperative angiography (Sano et al. 1978 Kader et al. 1996 Lanzino et al. 1997 Fox 1997 Patil 1997 Freudenstein et al. 2001). Kondziolka et al. (1992) reported two recurrences in 70 patients who had undergone complete AVM resection, and 2 patients presented 3 years later with recurrent hemorrhage. True regrowth of brain AVM can be considered only in children. Postoperative vasospasm, thrombosis of arteries and veins, and, above all, delayed recruitment of collateral arteries are the more likely explanations for the so-called recurrences. This emphasizes the role of delayed postoperative angiography, which should be performed 6 months to 1 year after surgery to assess a definitively complete cure. 

Going strictly by the definition of haemocompatibility, apart from endothelial cells and platelets fliat are directly involved in the process of thrombosis and antithrombosis, although they are present in the blood, the other blood cells can be used to assess only biocompatibility instead of haemocompatibility because they are not directly involved in thrombus formation and/or prevention of thrombus formation. Thus, the interaction of DLC with other blood cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and erythrocytes (RBCs) can only give an indication of biocompatibility and not really haemocompatibility . 

Serotonin has been found to exert an intense vasoconstrictor effect on the pulmonary circulation 1 . Although the pulmonary vasoconstrictor effect of serotonin can be demonstrated easily by pharmacological methods, its physiological and pathophysiological roles have not been unequivocally demonstrated. In fact, the infusion of serotonin (1. 85 - 5. 5 mcg/kg/min) into the pulmonary artery of seven human subjects produced a definite rise in pulmonary artery pressure in only one instancel. Most of the serotonin found in whole blood is stored in platelets. This would imply that in the process of platelet aggregation to form a thrombus, serotonin would be available for release . Pulmonary vasoconstriction does occur as a result of pulmonary thrombosis. A further indication that serotonin could be implicated in the thrombosis-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction is the finding that 82 per cent of serotonin can be released from platelets by thrombin in five minutes. ... 

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