Threonine serum

NBD-amino acids (serine, threonine, valanie, phenylalanine, and histidine) were separated by using a 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM copper acetate, 20 mM L-prolinamide, and 1 mM SDS. The elution order was the L-enantiomer followed by the D-form except in NBD-histidine. Weng et al. [32] described chiral separation of tryptophan on a poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chip coated with bovine serum albumin (32 mm... 

The fused bicyclic /3-lactones salinosporamide A and omuralide are potent selective inhibitors of proteosome function. Unfortunately, they have short half-lives in serum otherwise, they might be interesting candidates for use as anticancer agents. The fused bicyclic /3-lactam 520, which has similar but not identical molecular architecture to salinosporamide A, shows proteosome inhibition in vitro and indefinite stability in neutral aqueous solution. It is thought that 520 acts by acylation of the hydroxyl group of threonine in a proteolytic /3-subunit of the proteosome <2005JA15386>. 

Figure 8. Liberation of threonine from serum proteins at 105 °C. in 0.03N HCl...

As a result of GC-MS analyses, 103 metabolites were determined, of which 66 were successfully identified and 18 were used to create a diagnostic model. Of these 18 metabolites, 5 (suberic acid, glycine, L-tyrosine, L-threonine, and succinic acid) had significantly higher levels in patients with HCC than in healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). Other metabolites (oxalic acid, xylitol, urea, phosphates, propanoic acid, threonine, pimelic acid, butyric acid, trihydroxypentanoic acid, hypoxanthine, arabinofuranose, dipeptide of hydroxyproline, and tetrahydroxypentanoic acid) showed higher levels in healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). In addition, Wu et al. determined the levels of AFP using an ELISA test in serum from the same patients and healthy volunteers as in the metabolomic study of urine samples. An AFP concentration above 20 ng/mL suggests a positive result and the presence of... 

Maes M, Verkerk R, Vandoolaeghe E, Lin A, Scharpe S (1998) Serum levels of excitatory amino acids, serine, glycine, histidine, threonine, taurine, alanine and arginine in treatment-resistant depression Modulation by treatment with antidepressants and prediction of clinical responsivity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 97 302-308. 

Much of the copper in the plasma (60-95%) is bound to ceruloplasmin. The complex of copper and cenjloplasmir is assembled and secreted by the liver. A small fraction of plasma copper, under 7%, is weakly bound to albumin and to free amino acids, especially histidine, threonine, and glutamine. The copper bound to serum albumin is associated with a histidine residue near the amino terminus of the protein. The copper in red blood cells is bound to superoxide dismutase. 

Initial studies on the polar cod blood serum have shown that its antifreeze protein is a glycoprotein with most properties similar to those from the Antarctic species T. borchgrevinki. Both active and inactive components were obtained. The active components had the same ratios of alanine to threonine (approximately 2 1) as found in the Antarctic glycoproteins and the same contents of galactosamine and galactose. No other amino acids were found. In contrast to the comparatively low antifreeze activity of the saffron cod reported by Raymond and co-workers, the AFGP from the polar cod had an antifreeze activity similar to that from the Antarctic species. 

The [Cr(OH)(OH2)x(Solv)]2+ ions (.v 0 3, Solv = MeOH or MeCN) have been detected by ESMS in the gas phase, on fast evaporation of solutions of [Cr(OH2)6](C104)3 in MeOH or MeCN.47 The [Cr(NH3)5(OH)]2+ complex promotes the phosphorylation (by ATP) of serine and threonine OH-residues in bovine serum albumin in vitro.511... 

Chadwick et al. (C3) have cited the case of an elderly scorbutic patient with low serum vitamin C level (0.4mg/100ml), the scorbutic condition being corrected within a month by administration of ascorbic acid accompanied with ferrous gluconate. Abnormal amounts of urinary phenylalanine, leucine, methionine, alanine, serine, threonine, glycine, and arginine were found before treatment. A normal pattern was found after six days of treatment. 

Once Ras is in its active form, it binds to another oncogene product called Raf, which localizes Raf to the membrane and activates its serine/threonine specific kinase activity. Among the many phosphorylation targets of Raf is another kinase called MAP kinase kinase (also called MEK), which is activated by Raf and in turn phosphorylates cytosolic MAP kinases on threonine and tyrosine residues. Activated MAP kinases (also called ERK1 and ERK2) are serine/threonine kinases that, once activated, can localize to the nucleus where they phosphorylate transcription factors such as Fos and Jun. MAP kinases also phosphorylate and activate other kinases (such as Rsk) which then pass the signal on to additional transcription factors (e.g., SRF, serum response factor). Therefore, downstream of Ras, a series of phosphorylation reactions culminate in the activation or inactivation of a variety of transcription... 

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