Phosphorylation threonine

Gartner, A., Nasmyth, K., and Ammerer, G. (1992). Signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of FUS3 and KSS1. Genes Dev. 6 1280-1292. 

Kosako, H Gotoh, Y Matsuda, S Ishikawa, M and Nishida, E. (1992). Xenopus MAP kinase activator is a serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activated by threonine phosphorylation. EMBO J. 11 2903-2908. 

Rossomando, A. J., Saanghcra, J. S., Marsden, L. A., Weber, M. J., Pelech, S. L., and Sturgill, T. W. (1991). Biochemical characterization of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases regulated by tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 266 20270-20275. 

Ohtake K, Maeno T, Ueda H, Ogihara M, Natsume H, Morimoto Y (2003) Poly-L-arginine enhances paracellular permeability via serine/threonine phosphorylation of ZO-1 and tyrosine dephosphorylation of occludin in rabbit nasal epithelium. Pharm Res 20 1838-1845. 

Bao, J., I. Alroy, H. Waterman, E. D. Schejter, C. Brodie, J. Gruenberg, and Y. Yarden. Threonine phosphorylation diverts internalized epidermal growth factor receptors from a degradative pathway to the recycling endosome. J Biol. Chem. 275 26178-86.2000. 

In comparison to the level of cellular serine or threonine phosphorylation, protein tyrosine phosphorylation occurs at quite low levels in normal cells but dramatically increases upon oncogenic transformation or stimulation. Since the first discovery in 1978 that the transforming protein from Rous sarcoma virus (pp60vsrc) exhibited intrinsic kinase activity/5 protein kinase activity has also been shown to be inherent to other growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin receptor,[6 91 and to involve autophosphorylation processes. The diverse biochemical activity exhibited by protein tyrosine phosphorylation has stimulated the development of chemical methods for the preparation of phosphorylated peptides for use as substrates in elucidating the biochemical and physiological activity of phosphorylated site(s). 

Various hormonal agents (eg, glucocorticoids) lower the affinity of insulin receptors for insulin growth hormone in excess increases this affinity slightly. Aberrant serine and threonine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor subunits or IRS molecules may result in insulin resistance and functional receptor down-regulation. 

Li, Z., J.D. Carter, L.A. Dailey, and Y.C. Huang. 2004. Vanadyl sulfate inhibits NO production via threonine phosphorylation of eNOS. Environ. Health Persp. 112 201-6. 

In addition, it is part of the integrin-mediated platelet adhesion (Lahav et al, 2000). A threonine phosphorylation has been described for the PDI localized in the endoplasmatic reticulum (Quemeneur et al., 1994). 

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