Insulin, growth hormone and

Guerigan J.L. (Ed.) (1982) Insulins, Growth Hormone and Recombinant DNA Technology. New York Raven Press. 

Insulin, growth hormone, and glucagon are key protein hormones... 

Recombinant DNA technology was applied lu the problem the first time a lew decades ago. One group has been successful in inducing the bacterium Eschetirhiu mli to manufacture and secrete rat proinsulin. an immediate precursor of rat insulin that incorporates insulin itself. Research like this is an important step toward the objective of developing bacterium-based industrial systems that can replace animal and human tissues us the source of medically useful proteins, such as insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor... 

Chiu, Y-Y.H. and Sobel, S. (1988). Scientific review of the safety of peptide hormones insulin, growth hormone, and LHRH and its analogs. In Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Assessing the New Technologies. D.R.Marshak and D.T.Liu, eds. (New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), pp. 219 228. 

Miozzari, G.F. (1981). Strategies for obtaining expression of peptide hormones in E. coli. In Insulins, Growth Hormones, and Recombinant DNA Technology. J.L. Gueriguian, ed. (New York Raven Press), pp. 13 31. 

R4. Ross, H., Johnston, I. D. A., Welbom, T. A., and Wright, A. D., The effect of abdominal operation on glucose tolerance and serum levels of insulin growth hormone and cortisol. Lancet 11, 563-566 (1966). 

I have spent at least 8 years, and millions of dollars of research funds, working on ways to deliver insulin, growth hormone, and other peptide drugs into the body without using a syringe. Any pharmaceutical company that could accomplish this feat would capture a multibillion-dollar market. There is a clear financial incentive to produce a peptide pill. However, the conclusions from this research, which are published throughout the world, remain to this day that peptides are destroyed when they enter the hostile environment of the human digestive tract. They just become another protein meal. Their constituent amino acids are absorbed for a nutritional benefit just like any other food source. 

Zinc is also vital in a variety of hormonal activities, including thymic hormone, glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, and sex hormones (Abbasi et al. 1976, Kirch-gessner and Roth 1985, Roth and Kirchgess-ner 1997). 

Animal hormones essentially fall into four different chemical classes (1) amine-derived hormones, (2) peptide/protein hormones, (3) steroid hormones, and (4) lipid or phospholipid hormones. Amine-derived hormones such as catecholamines and thyroxine are derivatives of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. Peptide hormones including insulin, growth hormone, and vasopressin consist of polypeptides ranging in length from 5 to 200 residues. Steroid hormones such as estrogen... 

The therapeutic use of homologous human proteins - including insulin, growth hormone, and colony stimulating factors - in replacement therapy, has been adequately supported by subchronic toxicity studies in animal species reactive to their pharmacological or physiological effects. Extension to chronic studies has usually not provided valuable additional safety information. 

Sonksen, EH. (2001) Hormones and sport (insulin, growth hormone and sport). Journal of Endocrinology, 170,13-25. 

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