Three-dimensional channel network

Kikutani, Y., Hisamoto, H., Tokeshi, M., Kitamori, T, Fabrication of a glass microchip with three-dimensional channel network and its application to a single-chip combinatorial synthetic reactor, in Ramsey, J. M., VAN den Berg, A. (Eds.), Micro Total Analysis Systems, pp. 161-162, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2001). 

It is interesting to note on comparing the Ed values in Table I and III that the average desorption energies in the onedimensional channel network of Theta-1 are smaller than the corresponding energies for the three dimensional channel networks of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, which have four intersections per u.c. 

Shen, D. and Rees, L.V.C., Study of carbon dioxide diffusion in zeolites with one- and three-dimensional channel networks by MD simulations and FR methods, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 92,487-491, 1996. 

Fig. 12 Noncovalent synthesis of a layered network with large cavity based on hydrogen bonding between trithiocyanuric acid and bipyridine. Three-dimensional channels with benzene molecules can be seen [from Pedireddi et al. (reproduced with permission from ref. 30(6))].

Figure 21 Crystal structures of various ternary phosphide halides. Europium (cadmium, mercmy), phosphorus, and halogeu atoms are drawn as large light grey, filled, and open circles, respectively. Some relevant coordination polyhedra aroimd the phosphorus atoms and the P-P bonds are shown. The HgBr4 tetrahedra in the (Hg2P)2HgBr4 strucmre fill the channels of the three-dimensional [Hg2P] network...

This is the area of zeolitic materials, which can be characterized as crystalline, porous materials built predominantly of oxygen, silica, and alumina (or phosphor) [1,2]. These crystals contain straight or sinusoidal channels that can be interconnected, resulting in a one-, two-, or three-dimensional pore network. At the intersections, small or large cavities may exist. Due to the crystallinity, the pores are uniform and can be prepared with great reproducibility, which is the biggest advantage over attempts to produce amorphous membranes with pores of molecular dimensions. Therefore, in the last decade much research effort has been put into the development of zeolitic membranes, and with success [3-29]. 

The hydrogen-bonded layers can also be built from a parallel arrangement of ribbons (RC in 2.24) or composite ribbons (LC in 2.5), ribbons bridged by some anions (RD in 1.16, LF in 1.11), or an alternate arrangement of two different types of ribbons (RC and LA in 1.7). The three-dimensional channel-type network may... 

The constructal design approach begins with the smallest elements on the zero level and connects these with those on the next higher level. This approach works inversely to the fractal description of branched systems where an element is repeatedly miniaturized until almost infinitely small structures. In nature, systems have a finite smallest size and, hence, follow the constructal approach. The optimum size of channel elements and the corresponding area covered depend on the transport velocity of the important quantity, such as the heat flux [14,15]. Here, the constructal method is applied to area coverage Bello-Ochende et al. [16] presented a three-dimensional constructal network for cooling purposes. 

Osteocytes are mature cells derived from the osteoblasts implanted in mineralized bone matrix. They have a minor contribution to new bone formation compared to osteoblasts. Osteocytes are arranged around the central lumen of an osteon and between lamellae (Fig. 1). Osteocytes have an interconnecting three-dimensional (3D) network. They are linked with adjacent osteocytes through small channels called canaliculi. Osteocytes are responsive to physiological stress and strain signals in bone tissue and also help to balance osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity to deposit new bone and to dissolve old bone, respectively. Additionally, they act as transporting agents of minerals between bone and blood. 

O—H O, C—H 0, and N—H > ) results in an intricate three-dimensional supramolecular network with a well-defined channels as viewed by looking down to the crystallographic c axis (Fig. 14). 

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