Thin Horizontal

Figure 5.2 shows a typical droplet stream with the last connected droplet indicated by a thin, horizontal cursor line and the stream charge collar shown as dark rectangles on each side of the droplet stream. In this view the stream flows downward and the quartz flow cell and laser optics are located out of the frame, above. 

Figure 8.36. SAXS pattern of a thermoplastic elastomer during straining. The thin horizontal line in the center is called an equatorial streak. In this case it is well-separated from the long-period peaks above and below... 

One long side of the compartment wall was split into a large number of thin, horizontal strips and the heat flux from the gas layer to the center of each strip calculated using the well known expression... 

In Figure 23.7, the bubble, cloud, and emulsion regions are represented by b,c + iv, and e, respectively. The control volume is a thin horizontal strip of height dx through tiie vessel. The overall depth of the bed is Lfl, which is related to the holdup of catalyst, Wcat. The performance equation may be used to determine Wcat for a given conversion /A (and production rate), or the converse. 

Initially devised to measure interactions in single soap films (air/water/air) [8], the TFB technique has been progressively improved and its application has been broadened to emulsion films (oil/water/oil) [ 12] and asymmetric films (air/water/oil or air/water/solid) [13,14]. In a classical setup, a thin porous glass disk is fused on the side to a capillary tube and a small hole is drilled in the center of the disk. The liquid solution fills the disk, part of the capillary, and a thin horizontal film is formed across the hole. The disk is enclosed in a hermetically sealed box, with the capillary tube exposed to a constant reference pressure Pr. Under the effect of the pressure difference AP between the box and the reference, the... 

Fig. 1 Molecular orbital diagram showing the electronic configuration for the ground state (So), for the first spin-singlet excited state (Si) and for the first spin-triplet excited state (Ti). The arrows indicate the electron spin, the thin horizontal gray line is a guide to the eye. In this representation, coulomb and exchange energies are explicitly included in the positions of the frontier orbitals...

Fig. 13. Spin-lattice relaxation times of PS(OH) and PS(OH)/PMMA as functions of the hydroxyl content in PS(OH). for different protons attached to different carbons in pure PS(OH). A and O for different protons in PS(OH) and PMMA in the blends, respectively. Thin horizontal line for pure PMMA as a reference [111]...

The polymer deposit formed mainly as a thin horizontal layer extending out from the anode for a distance of 5 cm or more at interfacial... 

Fig. 3. Gate voltage dependence of the frequency ujq of the fundamental mode for three different values of the residual stress. Numbers are taken for the E-nanotube (see Fig. 2). The fundamental mode of an unstressed tube is 140 MHz (thin horizontal line). The inset is an enlargement of the To = 0 curve of the main figure showing step-wise increases of vn whenever an additional electron tunnels onto the tube.

The elementary theory, still too often used in calculating the surface tension, states that the pull required to detach the object from the surface is equal to the total perimeter of the wire multiplied by the surface tension. For a thin vertical plate, or a thin horizontal wire, the perimeter would be twice the length. There are, however, end corrections of uncertain magnitude, and accurate results cannot be obtained by the use of this over-simplified theory. As far as the author s experience goes, if elementary theory must be used, Wilhelmy s vertical... 

Thin horizontal disk buried in semi-infinite medium with isothermal surface Isothermal 4 r 8r D = 0 D>2r... 

We consider a thin, horizontal, fused-silica plate of area. I and thickness H. Initially, both horizontal surfaces of the plate are in contact with air (Figure 2.3c). We assume that the air is completely soluble in silica. At time t 0. the air below the plate is replaced by pure helium, which is appreciably soluble in silica. The helium slowly penetrates into the plate by molecular motion, and eventually appears in the air above the plate. This molecular transport of one substance relative to another is known as diffusion. The air above the plate is removed rapidly, so that there is no measurable helium concentration there. In this system, the index / shows helium and j shows silica, and the concentrations are given by the mass fractions w, and i. respectively. Eventually, the concentration profile tends toward a straight line with increasing t, and we have w, = r(U at the bottom surface, and w, = 0 at the top surface of the plate. At steady-state diffusion, the molar flow vector that is the flow rate of helium per unit area j, is proportional to the concentration gradient in terms of the mass fraction V r,... 

Force balance on a thin horizontal slice of thickness dz gives... 

Specially modified T-Bar spindles without the vertical extension tip below the thin, horizontal extension arms. (Available through Brookfield Engineering Laboratories by custom order.)... 

Steam at 40°C condenses on the outside of a 3-cm diameter thin horizontal copper rube by cooling water that enters the tube at 25°C at an average velocity of 2 m/s and leaves at 35°C. Determine the rale of condensation of steam, the average overall heal transfer coefficient between the steam and the cooling water, and the mbe length. 

Symptoms When a lawn mower hits a tree, it can cut a thin horizontal groove into the bark. Repeated damage may cause branch dieback or kill the tree. Lawn mowers can also damage surface roots. These wounds provide entrance points for diseases and insects. String trimmers also pose a hazard careless use can cause the tool to strip the bark off the base of the tree, girdling and killing the plant. 

We have to chop up the tower into pieces which are small enough so that the driving force is virtually uniform throughout each piece. Since the compositions change only with z, we chop up the tower in such a way that we produce pieces which have z consl, which is a thin horizontal slice. 

Heart failure causes Kerley s B lines (edema of interlobular septa), which appear as thin, horizontal reticular fines in the costophrenic angles. At higher pressures, alveolar edema and pleural effusions appear in the pleural space or as blunting of the costophrenic angles. Pericardial effusions also may appear as a large heart, but because it usually occurs rapidly, there is no evidence of pulmonary venous congestion. 

A thin horizontal flat plate receives 1,200 W/m2 of radiant heat from the sun. The upward and downward heat transfer coefficients are 10 and 2.5 W/m2 -K. Determine the steady temperature of the plate if placed in ambient air at a temperature of 25 C... 

Thus, the streamlines are radially inward lines, and the lines of constant potential are circles, as shown in Fig. 10.6. If C is positive, the flow is radially inward if it is n egative, the flow is radially outward. This flow has practical significance in the petroleum industry it describes the flow into an oil well in a thin, horizontal stratum see Fig. 10.7. 

Flow from a thin, horizontal stratum into an oil well. 

Figure 2.1 Field-dressed potential energy curves of Hj (X = 532 nm), in the diabatic (solid lines) and adiabatic (broken lines for / = 10 W/cm and dotted lines for / = 5 x 10 W/cm ) frames. Curve-crossing regions are outlined by rectangular boxes XI, X2, and X3. The energies of the v = 2,4, 5 vibrational levels are indicated by thin horizontal lines.

Dikes are old lava tubes formed when magma entered a vertical fracture and hardened. Sometimes magma squeezes between two rock layers and hardens into a thin horizontal sheet called a sill. A laccolith is formed in much the same way as a sill, but the magma that creates a laccolith is very thick and does not flow easily. It pools and forces the overlying strata up, creating an obvious surface dome. 

However, concrete is exposed to the action of external factors, primarily of CO2, SO2, chloride and sulphate solutions which causes pH decrease below 11. The analysis of the influence of pH changes on the durability of reinforcement in concrete can be done based on the equilibrium system elaborated by Pouibaix [341] for iron (Fig. 6.81). This is a diagram in the coordinate system pH— potential of metal, in relation to its salts. The thin, horizontal line represents the potential of semi-cell Fe Fe, which is independent of pH of solution. 

Fig. 42. Electronic specific heat as C /r against T for NpSUj (Trainor et al. 1976). Thin horizontal line indicates low-temperature value, Vo O.lJK mor, ...

Fig. 43. Specific heat as CIT against T for CeAlj (Biedl et al. 1978b). Solid line through data points is guide to the eye. Thin horizontal line indicates low-temperature value, yo = 0.135 JK mol" . Dashed line is Bethe-ansatz result for S = j Kondo impurity with = 0.68 T = 3.5 K (Andrei et al. 1983).

FIGURE 5.3 The Kirkwood-Buff integrals (Gy, units of cmVmol) as a function of integration distance for the A -methylacetamide (NMA) -i- water system at %ma = 0-1 for th S force fields. The thin horizontal line is the experimental value. The multiple lines correspond to five 20-nanosecond subaverages for each force field. 

Fig. 5.17 The natural logarithm of Mi/M (ln(Mi/M )), the lower axis, plotted against - [Af/diss/ (l)-AH,j,J(n)]/RT,the upper axis, for the salts for which 1 and n refer to Li0C02CH3 and any other salt, respectively. The wide bar represents ln(Mi/M ) with the experimental error the perpendicular line shows - [AHdi J(l) - AHdi,/ (n)]/RT, with the statistical error shown by a thin horizontal line. The solvent was DMC (reproduced with permission by the Electrochemical Society from [58])...

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