Thermodynamic network analysis

At these assumptions and simplifications the thermodynamic network analysis (TNA) [90] can be applied to analyze LM transport. Certainly in the case of a real specific system, the detailed mechanism of reaction-diffusion interfacial phenomena should be taken into account as far as possible. The above assumptions allow maintaining a concept of a homogeneous reaction. Any universal model does not exist, and in the description of a real membrane process the accessible knowledge concerning the specific interfacial processes should be taken into account. The model presented can be regarded as a simplified example only. 

Wodzki R and Sionkowski G. Exchange diffusion transport of ions in Uquid membranes. Part IV. Thermodynamic network analysis of nonstationary transport of divalent ions. Pol J Chem, 1995 69 407 22. 

Schnakenberg J. Thermodynamic Network Analysis of Biological Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1977. 

Schnakenberg, J. (1977). Thermodynamics network analysis of biological systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Schnakenberg, J. Thermodynamic network analysis of biological systems. (UniversiteScl) Based on two lectures presented by the author at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule in Aachen. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Biological physics. 

This paper presents a thermodynamic availability analysis of an important process design problem, namely, the synthesis of networks of exchangers, heaters and/or coolers to transfer the excess energy from a set of hot streams to streams which require heating (cold streams). Emphasis is placed on the discussion of thermodynamic and economic (i.e., thermoeconomic) aspects of two recent methods for the evolutionary synthesis of energy-optimum and minimum-cost networks. These methods include the... 

The thermoeconomic approach of Pehler and Liu (1 ) is based on both thermodynamic and economic considerations of the network synthesis problem. It consists of four steps. The detailed descriptions of the first two steps can be found from the references cited below. In this paper, some emphasis is placed on the thermodynamic availability analysis of the third and fourth steps which include practical heuristic and evolutionary rules for the systematic synthesis of energy-optimum and... 

Pehler, F. A. and Liu, Y. A., "Thermodynamic Availability Analysis in the Synthesis of Energy-Optimum and Minimum-Cost Heat Exchanger Networks," AIChE National Meeting, Detroit, MI, Aug. (1981). 

Theoretical and applied efficiency of the equilibrium thermodynamic modeling in kinetic studies is illustrated by conditional and real examples izomerization, formation of nitrogen oxides at fuel combustion, distribution of viscous liquid flows in multi-loop cirquits and optimization of schemes and parameters of these networks, analysis of mechanisms of physicochemical processes. 

B. Linnhoff, Thermodynamic Analysis in the Design of Process Networks, Ph.D. dissertation. University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K., 1979. 

Thermodynamic Analysis. As reported previously, the storage modulus G of PDMS networks with tetrafunctional crosslinks is independent of frequency between 10 3 and 1 Hz (21). This behaviour which is entirely different from that of vulcanized natural rubber or synthetic polyisoprene networks, was attributed to the lack of entanglements, both trapped and untrapped, in these PDMS networks. Figure 4 shows that G of a network with comb-like crosslinks is also frequency independent within an error of 0.5%. For comparison, two curves for PDMS having tetrafunctional crosslinks are also shown. The flat curves imply that slower relaxations are highly unlikely. Hence a thermodynamic analysis of the G data below 1 Hz can be made as they equal equilibrium moduli. 

Despite its widely recognized limitations, flux balance analysis has resulted in a large number of successful applications [35, 67, 72 74], including several extensions and refinements. See Ref. [247] for a recent review. Of particular interest are recent efforts to augment the stoichiometric balance equations with thermodynamic constraints providing a link between concentration and flux in the constraint-based analysis of metabolic networks [74, 149, 150]. For a more comprehensive review, we refer to the very readable monograph of Palsson [50]. 

A thorough analysis of Eq. (Ill), including a decomposition of all parameters into a thermodynamically independent representation, is given in Ref. [161]. Here we only note that Eq. (Ill) is consistent with Eq. (47) and provides a generic functional form to describe (unknown) rate equations in large-scale metabolic networks. 

A. Kiimmel, S. Panke, and M. Heinemann, Putative regulatory sites unraveled by network embedded thermodynamic analysis of metabolome data. Mol. Syst. Biol. 2 (2006). 

A. Hoppe, S. Hoffmann, and H. G. Holzhiitter, Including metabolite concentrations into flux balance analysis Thermodynamic realizability as a constraint on flux distributions in metabolic networks. BMC Syst. Biol. 1, 23 (2007). 

Mijnlibff, P. F., and W. J. M. Jaspers Thermodynamics of swelling of polymer-network gels. Analysis of excluded volume effects in polymer solutions and polymer networks. J. Polymer Sci. A-2 (in press). 

Remark 2 The first law analysis applied to the overall network provides QS = 375 kW and QW = 0, which is incorrect since it does not take into account the thermodynamic feasibility imposed by HRAT = 30° 7. Note that the correct utilities QS = 450 kW, QW = 75 kW satisfy the overall energy balance 450 - 75 = 375 kW. 

---