Thermal groundwater

Albu, M., Banks, D. Nash, H. 1997. Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources. Chapman and Hall, London. 

Lima, A., Cicchella, D. and Di Francia, S. (2003) Natural contribution of harmful elements in thermal groundwaters of Ischia Island (southern Italy). Environmental Geology, 43(8), 930-40. 

Lima, A., Daniele, L., De Vivo, B., and Sava, A. (2001). Minor and trace elements investigation on thermal groundwaters of Ischia Island (Southern Italy). In Proceedings of Water-Rock Intercation-10 (R. Cidu, ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 981—984. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 

Aiuppa, A., Dongarra, G., Capasso, G., and Allard, P., 2000, Trace elements in the thermal groundwaters of Vulcano Island (Sicily) Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 98, p. 189-207. 

Highest silica concentrations in groundwater (>50 ppm) result from the weathering of rocks that contain high-temperature silicate minerals. Elevated dissolved-silica values are also found in thermal groundwaters and alkaline lakes, because of the increased solubility of silica at high temperatures and high pH s. 

The sampling apparatus used in another study of dissolved gases in thermal groundwater near an active volcano consists of a glass flask of known volume (122 cm ), which can be sealed by... 

Lee, D. j. 1984. The evolution of saline and thermal groundwaters in the Carnmenellis Granite. Mineralogical Magazine, 48, 407-424. 

In reverse osmosis membranes, the pores are so smaH, in the range 0.5— 2 nm in diameter, that they ate within the range of the thermal motion of the polymer chains. The most widely accepted theory of reverse osmosis transport considers the membrane to have no permanent pores at aH. Reverse osmosis membranes are used to separate dissolved microsolutes, such as salt, from water. The principal appHcation of reverse osmosis is the production of drinking water from brackish groundwater or seawater. Figure 25 shows the range of appHcabHity of reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and conventional filtration. 

The major energy-related sources of water pollution are from thermal pollution, surface water pollution from oil spills, polychlorinated biphenyls, and groundwater contamination. 

In ATES (Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage) systems groundwater is used to carry the thermal energy into and out of an aquifer. For the connection to the aquifer water wells are used. However, these wells are normally designed with double functions, both as production and infiltration wells, see Figure 29. 

In some countries the boreholes are grouted after the BHE installation, in others no backfill at all is being used. Instead the boreholes are naturally filled with groundwater. Using grout will normally decrease the thermal efficiency but on the other hand the groundwater will be protected. 

This alternative includes components of Alternatives 3 and 4 and introduces a thermal destruction component to address the TCE-contaminated soil. For the site remediation case shown in Figure 16.21, the lead-contaminated soil in Area 1 would be fixed and covered with a soil/clay cap, as described in Alternative 4. The groundwater would be addressed through pumping and treating, via an air stripper, as described in Alternatives 3 and 4. The TCE-contaminated soil in Area 2 would be excavated and treated on site by a thermal destruction unit comprisng a mobilized rotary kiln. 

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