Thermal gasoline

Paraffins from C cut Houdry Catalytic Gasoline Thermal Gasoline East Texas Straight-Run Gasoline... 

B. Thermal gasoline from light gas oil from mixed-base... 

In the presence of cracking catalysts all the sulfur compounds, even thiophenes, are converted to hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, and coke. This difference in the behavior of sulfur compounds at high temperatures in the presence of and in the absence of cracking catalysts explains the difference in the amount and the types of sulfur in catalytic and thermal gasolines. 

Example 4-12. Octane Number of Entire Plant Gasoline. The gasolines available in one refinery are indicated in Table 4-18. The computation of the octane number of the entire plant gasoline is shown in Table 4-19. The factors for straight-run gasoline and the butanes is 1.0. C onsidering the thermal gasoline (15 per c t)... 

First of all, a technical clarification is necessary in the wider sense, motor fuels are chemical compounds, liquid or gas, which are burned in the presence of air to enable thermal engines to run gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels. The term heating fuel is reserved for the production of heat energy in boilers, furnaces, power plants, etc. 

In the expression for heating value, it is useful to define the physical state of the motor fuel for conventional motor fuels such as gasoline, diesei fuel, and jet fuels, the liquid state is chosen most often as the reference. Nevertheless, if the material is already in its vapor state before entering the combustion system because of mechanical action like atomization or thermal effects such as preheating by exhaust gases, an increase of usefui energy resufts that is not previously taken into consideration. 

Applied to atmospheric residue, its purpose is to produce maximum diesel oil and gasoline cuts while meeting viscosity and thermal stability specifications for industrial fuels. 

With aldehydes, primary alcohols readily form acetals, RCH(OR )2. Acetone also forms acetals (often called ketals), (CH2)2C(OR)2, in an exothermic reaction, but the equiUbrium concentration is small at ambient temperature. However, the methyl acetal of acetone, 2,2-dimethoxypropane [77-76-9] was once made commercially by reaction with methanol at low temperature for use as a gasoline additive (5). Isopropenyl methyl ether [116-11-OJ, useful as a hydroxyl blocking agent in urethane and epoxy polymer chemistry (6), is obtained in good yield by thermal pyrolysis of 2,2-dimethoxypropane. With other primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, the equiUbrium is progressively less favorable to the formation of ketals, in that order. However, acetals of acetone with other primary and secondary alcohols, and of other ketones, can be made from 2,2-dimethoxypropane by transacetalation procedures (7,8). Because they hydroly2e extensively, ketals of primary and especially secondary alcohols are effective water scavengers. 

Thermal Cracking. In addition to the gases obtained by distillation of cmde petroleum, further highly volatile products result from the subsequent processing of naphtha and middle distillate to produce gasoline, as well as from hydrodesulfurization processes involving treatment of naphthas, distillates, and residual fuels (5,61), and from the coking or similar thermal treatment of vacuum gas oils and residual fuel oils (5). 

Refinery Production. Refinery propylene is formed as a by-product of fluid catalytic cracking of gas oils and, to a far lesser extent, of thermal processes, eg, coking. The total amount of propylene produced depends on the mix of these processes and the specific refinery product slate. For example, in the United States, refiners have maximized gasoline production. This results in a higher level of propylene production than in Europe, where proportionally more heating oil is produced. 

In extremely cold environments, engines can quickly become difficult, sometimes nearly impossible, to start. If ordinary gasoline- or diesel-oil-fired heaters are used, the coolant circulation pump, air fan, etc, must be powered from the vehicle s batteries, thus curtailing the time the system can be used, especially at very low temperatures when it is needed the most. By adding PbTe thermoelectrics to such heater systems, about 2% of their thermal output can be turned into electricity to mn the heater s electronics, fuel pump, combustion fan, and coolant circulation pump, with stiH sufficient power left over to keep the vehicle s battery fliUy charged. The market for such units is in the hundreds of thousands if manufacturing costs can be reduced. 

Petroleum-derived benzene is commercially produced by reforming and separation, thermal or catalytic dealkylation of toluene, and disproportionation. Benzene is also obtained from pyrolysis gasoline formed ia the steam cracking of olefins (35). 

Some of the principal Japanese producers of benzene are Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd., Sanyo Petrochemical Ltd., and Idemitsu Kosan Ltd. Until 1967, the main source of Japanese benzene was coal-based. Today, approximately 40—45% of benzene production in Japan is based on pyrolysis gasoline (74), about 40% catalytic reformate, and the remainder coke oven light oil and thermal hydrodealkylation. 

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