Therapeutic injections single dose

Usually, one has obtained an estimate for the elimination constant and the distribution volume Vp from a single intravenous injection. These pharmacokinetic parameters, together with the interval between administrations 0 and the single-dose D, then allow us to compute the steady-state peak and trough values. The criterion for an optimal dose regimen depends on the minimum therapeutic concentration (which must be exceeded by and on the maximum safe... 

A parenteral, depot antipsychotic is one that can be administered in such a way that, after a single dose, a therapeutically efficient tissue concentration of at least 1 week s duration is achieved (251,252). Slow release of the active drug is produced by combining the base antipsychotic with a fatty acid (decanoic acid). The alcohol group of the antipsychotic is esterified by the acid, producing a lipophilic compound whose solubility in oil is increased. An oil, usually sesame, is then used as a vehicle for intramuscular injection, where the ester, which is not pharmacologically active, is hydrolyzed by tissue esterases, slowly releasing the active compound. An alternative technique is the use of microspheres (e.g., risperidone). 

Morphine is also a metabolite of codeine, a narcotic analgesic that is mostly used therapeutically as a potent antitussive (Baselt, 2004). Codeine is found naturally in the poppy plant Papaver somniferum, but for commercial use it is usually synthesized by 3-0-methylation of morphine, which is most abundant in nature (Baselt, 2004). Codeine is normally used in single doses of 15 to 60 mg given orally or by subcutaneous injection and is excreted in 24-hurine for 5%-17% as free codeine, 32%—46% conjugated codeine, 10%-21% conjugated norcodeine, and 5%-13%... 

Antibody immunogenicity remains one of the inherent therapeutic limitations associated with administration of murine monoclonals to human subjects. In most instances, a single injection of the murine monoclonal will elicit an immune response in 50-80 per cent of patients. Human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) will generally be detected within 14 days of antibody administration. Repeated administration of the monoclonal (usually required if the monoclonal is used for therapeutic purposes) will increase the HAMA response significantly. It will also induce an HAMA response in the majority of individuals who display no such response after the initial injection. The HAMA response will effectively and immediately destroy subsequent doses of monoclonal administered. In practice, therefore, therapeutic efficacy of murine monoclonals is limited to the first and, at most, the second dose administered. 

Streptomycin usually is administered daily as a single IM injection. Give a total dose of less than 120 g over the course of therapy unless there are no other therapeutic options. In patients older than 60 years of age, use a reduced dosage. The total period of drug treatment for TB is a minimum of 1 year. 

Administration by injection is not without its drawbacks It is considered to be painful, inconvenient, and invasive. For proteins in competition with traditional therapeutics that can be delivered via noninvasive methods, this is considered to present a significant marketing disadvantage. For SC and IM delivery, there is a volume limitation for injection. Typically, a maximum of 1.2 mL may be injected to a single SC site ( 3 mL for IM), with larger volume doses necessitating the use of additional injection sites. For this reason, formulations intended for SC or IM delivery usually contain higher protein concentrations than those intended for FV delivery. The achievable protein concentration in the formulation may prove to limit the ability to deliver proteins by SC or IM routes. 

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