The Zeeman electronic effect

Cu (ii ) with a single unpaired electron, the total spin quantum number iS =. There are two possible spin states = + and = — (see Box 1.4 for one- 

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This is called the Zeeman electronic effect and the energy difference, AE, is given by ... 

Fig. 4.25 Under an applied magnetic field, Bq, the interaction between an unpaired electron and the magnetic field results in a splitting of the energy levels (the Zeeman electronic effect).

This splitting in the energy level is similar to the Zeeman effect that causes separation of electronic states in a magnetic field. It is sometimes referred to in NMR as the Zeeman nuclear effect. 

Not only can electronic wavefiinctions tell us about the average values of all the physical properties for any particular state (i.e. above), but they also allow us to tell us how a specific perturbation (e.g. an electric field in the Stark effect, a magnetic field in the Zeeman effect and light s electromagnetic fields in spectroscopy) can alter the specific state of interest. For example, the perturbation arising from the electric field of a photon interacting with the electrons in a molecule is given within die so-called electric dipole approximation [12] by ... 

The number of energy levels found to date, with the aid of the Zeeman effect and the isotope shift data, is 605 even and 586 odd levels for Pu I and 252 even and 746 odd for Pu II. The quantum number J has been determined for all these levels, the Lande g-factor for most of them, and the isotope shift for almost all of the Pu I levels and for half of those of Pu II. Over 31000 lines have been observed of which 52% have been classified as transitions between pairs of the above levels. These represent 23 distinct electron configurations. 

Energy level splitting in a magnetic field is called the Zeeman effect, and the Hamiltonian of eqn (1.1) is sometimes referred to as the electron Zeeman Hamiltonian. Technically, the energy of a... 

An exception to this rule arises in the ESR spectra of radicals with small hyperfine parameters in solids. In that case the interplay between the Zeeman and anisotropic hyperfine interaction may give rise to satellite peaks for some radical orientations (S. M. Blinder, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 748 H. Sternlicht,./. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 1128). Such effects have been observed in organic free radicals (H. M. McConnell, C. Heller, T. Cole and R. W. Fessenden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1959, 82, 766) but are assumed to be negligible for the analysis of powder spectra (see Chapter 4) where A is often large or the resolution is insufficient to reveal subtle spectral features. The nuclear Zeeman interaction does, however, play a central role in electron-nuclear double resonance experiments and related methods [Appendix 2 and Section 2.6 (Chapter 2)]. 

A major effect of the introduction of static ZFS is that of reducing the amplitude of the cosic dispersion, because the energy of most electronic spin transitions increases and can be much larger than the Zeeman energy, and larger than so that for those transitions at all magnetic fields... 

The stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) concept was first devised by Slavin et al. It is a collection of recommendations to be followed to enable determinations to be as free from interferences as possible. These recommendations include (i) isothermal operation (ii) the use of a matrix modifier (iii) an integrated absorbance signal rather than peak height measurements (iv) a rapid heating rate during atomization (v) fast electronic circuits to follow the transient signal and (vi) the use of a powerful background correction system such as the Zeeman effect. Most or all of these recommendations are incorporated into virtually all analytical protocols nowadays and this, in conjunction with the transversely heated tubes, has decreased the interference effects observed considerably. 

The interaction of the effective electron spin with the external Bext field gives rise to the Zeeman splitting,... 

W. Steubing found that the intensity of the fluorescence of iodine vapour is weakened between the poles of a powerful electromagnet. The result has nothing to do with the Zeeman effect, and has no connection with effects produced by admixture with gases, solvents, etc. It is produced by a direct action of the magnetic field on the electrons causing the band spectrum weakening the individual vibrations. 

The influence of a magnetic field on gaseous atoms induces a splitting of each line into several polarised components. This phenomenon, which can be seen in the emission or absorption spectra of these atoms and is called the Zeeman effect, arises from perturbations in the energy states of electrons in the atom (Fig. 14.13). For example, the absorption wavelength of cadmium, situated at 228.8 nm, leads to three polarised absorption bands due to the Zeeman effect. One of these bands, the it component, retains the initial value of the wavelength whereas the other two, the a components, are symmetrically shifted by a few picometres relative to the 7r component in a 1-tesla field. The direction of polarisation of the 7r and a lines are perpendicular and the polarisation plane of the 7r component is parallel to the magnetic field (Fig. 14.14). 

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