The Synthesis of Carbonates

The use of a stable glow discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes... 

Fowler, J S, Wolf, A P The Synthesis of Carbon-II, Fluorine 18 and Nitrogen 13 Labeled Radiotracers for Biomedical Applications, Mono graph NAS-NS-3601, Technical Information Center, U S Department of Energy... 

Use data in Table 7.3 or Appendix 2A to calculate the standard entropy change for each of the following reactions at 25°C. For each reaction, interpret the sign and magnitude of the reaction entropy, (a) The synthesis of carbon disulfide from natural gas (methane) CH4(g) + 4 S(s, rhombic) - CS2(1) +... 

If in the synthesis of carbonic esters with CDI one alcohol component is replaced by a hydroperoxide, peroxycaibonates are formed. 2651 More details on this reaction are given in Section 3.11. 

Figure 8.4 Nitrilase-catalyzed conversion of (5)-3-(thiophen-2-ylthio)butanenitri le to (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionamide, an intermediate in the synthesis of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Dorzolamine ...

The geological process of the formation of serpentine from peridotite probably involves the synthesis of carbon compounds under FTT conditions (see Sect. 7.2.3). The hydrogen set free in the serpentinisation process can react with CO2 or CO in various ways. The process must be quite complex, as CO2 and CO flow through the system of clefts and chasms in the oceanic crust and must thus pass by various mineral surfaces, at which catalytic processes as well as adsorption and desorption could occur. 

The aluminum is incorporated in a tetrahedral way into the mesoporous structure, given place to Bronsted acidic sites which are corroborated by FTIR using pyridine as probe molecule. The presence of aluminum reduces the quantity of amorphous carbon produced in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes which does not happen for mesoporous silica impregnated only with iron. It was observed a decrease in thermal stability of MWCNTs due to the presence of more metal particles which help to their earlier oxidation process. 

The synthesis of carbon templated mesoporous tin MFI catalysts with different Si/Sn was carried out using microwave and in typical synthesis methodology TEOS, TPAOH, [Sn(C5H70)2]2]Cl2, ethanol and water were employed where the molar composition of the reaction mixture was 0.06 TPAOH 0.67 H20 0.028 TEOS 1.3 g EtOH X mg of tin precursor (X = 85, 63, 42, 21 mg). This synthesis mixture was stirred for 90 min at room temperature and then Black pearl 2000 carbon (10% wt. of TEOS) was added and again stirred for 4 h vigorously. The crystallization of C-meso-Sn-Silicalite was performed in a Teflon cup placed in a microwave oven (MARS-5, CEM, maximum power of 1200 W). 

Various nanoporous AAO membranes have been obtained by varying different parameters such as applied voltage, temperature of electrolyte, electrolytic concentration and speed of rotation of electrolyte in two step anodization process. SEM analysis performed for evaluation of results. The relationship between pore size and variation of different parameters obtained. The synthesized membranes have been used as template for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes of different nano dimensions. 

Motta MS, Moisala A, Kinloch IA, Windle AH. The role of sulphur in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapour deposition at high temperatures. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2008 May 8(5) 2442-9. 

The procedure used for the preparation of polycarbonates was the same as the procedure mentioned in the synthesis of carbonate(A-2). 

Lee, K., Zhang, J., Wang, H., and Wilkinson, D. P. Progress in the synthesis of carbon nanotube- and nanofiber-supported Pt electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell catalysis. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 2006 36 507-522. 

Recently, the efficacy of LDHs as catalyst precursors for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes via catalytic chemical vapor deposition of acetylene has been reported by Duan et al. [72]. Nanometer-sized cobalt particles were prepared by calcination and subsequent reduction of a single LDH precursor containing cobalt(II) and aluminum ions homogeneously dispersed at the atomic level. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with uniform diameters were obtained. 

Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Fedutin DN (2009) Electric-arc high-capacity reactor for the synthesis of carbon soot with a high content of endohedral metallofullerenes. Tech Phys 54 1695-1698... 

Since the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by Iijima [1, 2], a lot of investigations have been made on this kind of novel material [3-16]. Carbon nanotubes can be conventionally synthesized with several methods [17, 18], Recently, catalytic synthesis method has been developed to prepare carbon nanotubes on Co/Si02 [19, 20]. Hemadi et al. first extended the catalytic synthesis to the use of zeolites (NaY, HY and ZSM-5) as catalyst supports to synthesize carbon nanotubes [21]. 

H. C. Brown, Organoborane-Carbon Monoxide Reactions. A New Versatile Approach to the Synthesis of Carbon Structures, Accounts of Chemical Research 2, 65 (1969). 

Another very elegant reaction is the synthesis of carbon-silylated isoxazoles213 by means of a 1,3-dipolarophilic cycloaddition of nitrile oxide with silylated acetylenes (7), (12) (Scheme 52). If mesitylnitrile oxide (361) and 3,3-dimethyl-3-sila-l, 4-pen-... 

The next 10 chapters are about the synthesis of carbon skeletons with two functional groups. Compounds such as 1-3 will all be treated as 1,3-difunctionalised compounds since the important thing is not the type of functional group but the relationship between them. Our logic is that all FGs can be derived from alcohols, ketones (or aldehydes) or acids by substitution and that those three can be interconverted by oxidation or reduction. 

---