The science of molecules

The fundamental premise of chemistry is that all matter consists of molecules. The physical and chemical properties of matter are those of the constituent molecules, and the transformation of matter into different materials (compounds) is the result of their reactions to form new molecules. A molecule consists of two or more atoms held in a relatively fixed array via valence-electron orbital overlap (covalent bonds chemical bonds). 

In the nineteenth century chemists focused on the remarkable diversity of molecules produced by living organisms, which have in common the presence of tetravalent carbon atoms. As a result the unique versatility of carbon for the design and synthesis of new molecules was discovered, and the subdiscipline of organic chemistry (the science of carbon-containing molecules) has become the dominant part of the discipline. Clearly, the results from a focus on carbon-based chemistry have been immensely useful to science and to society. 

Oxygen atoms react spontaneously with the atoms of all elements except the noble gases to form polyatomic molecules via covalent bonds (shared valence electrons see Chapter 3). Table 1-1 provides illustrative examples of such chemical transformations for hydrogen, nonmetals, metals, and transition metals. 

The HOH molecule (oxygenated hydrogen) is the most important oxygen-containing molecule and is fundamental to the realm of oxygen chemistry. It possesses exceptional ruggedness and thermal stability by virtue of strong chemical bonds 

222 kcal mol l must be transferred to HOH to produce atomic oxygen, which is a measure of the deactivation and stabilization of atomic oxygen via formation of a water molecule. Another important and unique characteristic of water molecules is their tendency to cluster via intermolecular hydrogen bonds (more properly hydrogen-oxygen bonds) 

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I think that such a book may become a little like a real organism, which is the non plus ultra of an extremely complex combination of biological and psychic reactions. What we need today in chemistry is not more ponderers, but more people capable of disentangling a complex web of information and of making connections between apparently unconnected ideas or data. Chemistry is the science of molecules, reagents, and products, but chemical research should —like all research - create not only chemical products but also ideas. Chemistry becomes innovative through the combination of products and ideas. 

The word "Chemistry" in the title of this book just radiates a host of associations, questions, and relations. What role is there for the science of molecules in the study of a phenomenon that is basically physical Why were these remarkable compounds not made before Do we need to understand a physical property to make advances with it ... 

Chemical Engineering News The Science of Molecules (p. 25) Volume 52, Number 30,1974... 

CHEMISTRY is mainly the science of the different kinds of matter, their transformations, affinities, and interactions. It is par excellence the science of molecules and atoms. 

There are many other examples of interrelationship. Symmetry, for example, is of fundamental importance in the sciences and arts alike. It plays a key role in our understanding of the atomic world as well as the cosmos. The handedness of molecules, with nature selecting one... 

Surface analysis has made enormous contributions to the field of adhesion science. It enabled investigators to probe fundamental aspects of adhesion such as the composition of anodic oxides on metals, the surface composition of polymers that have been pretreated by etching, the nature of reactions occurring at the interface between a primer and a substrate or between a primer and an adhesive, and the orientation of molecules adsorbed onto substrates. Surface analysis has also enabled adhesion scientists to determine the mechanisms responsible for failure of adhesive bonds, especially after exposure to aggressive environments. The objective of this chapter is to review the principals of surface analysis techniques including attenuated total reflection (ATR) and reflection-absorption (RAIR) infrared spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and to present examples of the application of each technique to important problems in adhesion science. 

The most important contnbution of this technology to the science of fluonne chemistry has been its ability to probe mechanistic aspects of elemental fluorine attack on organic molecules As has been long accepted fluorine attack on nonaromatic organic molecules is free radical in nature The great oxidizing power of fluonne and... 

R. H. Boyd and P. J. Phillips, The Science of Polymer Molecules , Cambridge University Press, 1993. 

Physics and chemistry of nanosized species have been the focus of attention of scientists for the last three decades. During this period of time even the name of this field of science has changed. Initially, the science has been dealing with ultra-dispersed particles. Later on, the scale of the species under study has been restricted to nanodimension. In fact, the properties of particles within this dimension of sizes differ from the both atoms (molecules) and bulk matter. The worldwide revolutionary developments in the science of nanosized particles became possible because of the efforts of physicists, chemists, biologists, experts in material science, and theoreticians. Later on, this field of science attracted the attention of the representatives of such fields like ethics and economy. 

Spectroscopy The science of analyzing the spectra of atoms and molecules. Emission spectroscopy deals with exciting atoms or molecules and measuring the wavelength of the emitted electromagnetic radiation. Absorption spectroscopy measures the wavelengths of absorbed radiation. 

Structural chemistry or stereochemistry is the science of the structures of chemical compounds, the latter term being used mainly when the structures of molecules are concerned. Structural chemistry deals with the elucidation and description of the spatial order of atoms in a compound, with the explanation of the reasons that lead to this order, and with the properties resulting therefrom. It also includes the systematic ordering of the recognized structure types and the disclosure of relationships among them. 

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