The History of Binders and Concrete

In the early period of civilisation the buildings were constructed by placing one heavy rock block on another, which were laying firmly due to friction forces only as like that of the famous edifices in Mycenae. With the civilisation development the different binders started to be used [1], 

In Egypt the dried clay bricks without burning were hnked with Nile slim (2). Such construction was effective in dry climatic zone only, because low moisture durability of these materials. Also the blocks in first stairs Djoser s pyramid were linked with clay (twenty seventh century before Christ) in Sakkara [2]. 

The plaster found wide application in ancient Egypt [2], It was applied as mortar and to stucco decoration, for example in Tutankhamen s tomb, for firnshing the tombstones of calcite (called alabaster). As mortar it was used in pyramids, in Giza. The beginning of its application is not establish it is regarded that it falls in the period from 5,000 to 3,400 year before Christ [2], The plaster application, instead of lime Jaworski explains by the lack of fuel, because the limestone are more easily accessible than gypsum raw materials [2]. 

The lime mortars were introduced to Egypt only about 300 year before Christ the Romans and the Greeks, which on turns did not know gypsum because of its limited usefulness in the humid climate of Italy and Greece. 

The lime was applied very long ago by Greeks, and even earlier on Crete [2], In turn from Greeks it was adopted by Romans. The correct technology of lime slacking and mixing it with sand. The mortar was mixed very carefully and compacted, which assured it a high density, thus to our times the edifices can be found in which inside the mortar non-carbonated calcium hydroxide is preserved [1]. 

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