The Higgs boson

Another consequence of the standard model (SM), at least in its minimal form, is the existence of a doublet of scalar bosons H, the Higgs particles whose field was written as H x) in earlier chapters. It is possible to have larger schemes with more than one Higgs or, alternatively, to try to produce the spontaneous symmetry breaking that gives the particles their masses by dynamical means (Weinberg, 1976a) and thus to avoid the need for the H. 

It should be stressed that despite its great successes, the SM will not be proved until the Higgs boson is discovered and the symmetry breaking mechanism tested. 

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Interpretation (ii) has triumphed, but one may still argue about what m really is. If m is a fundamental "essence," of dimension [M], then force and field have dimensions [M] [L] [T]-2, while energy has units [M] [L]2 [T] 2. What rest mass an elementary particle should have may be predictable if the Higgs boson is ever found. 

The remaining scalar field (f> x) is then to be identified with the Higgs boson. The three degrees of freedom seemingly be lost due to gauging reappear as an additional longitudinal component of the spin 1 vector gauge... 

The Standard Model assumes the existence of three fermion families and three local gauge symmetries, which create the three particle interactions and the 3 + 1 + 8 gauge bosons mediating them. In order to create the masses and to eliminate the divergences of the theory one also needs the Higgs mechanism that produces the Higgs boson as well. 

The greatest question is of course the Higgs boson whether it exists and its properties agree with the predictions of the Standard Model. It is expected that the Large Hadron Collider... 

It should be emphasized that seven c,b, t, Vt, IT/Z, gluon) out of the 16 particles have been predicted by the SM before they have been observed experimentally. The SM is completed by the introduction of an additional particle called the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson plays an important role in the SM as it provides an explanation for the masses of the elementary particles and gives rise to the phenomenon of elec-troweak symmetry breaking. Despite the large effort, the experimental verification of the existence of the Higgs boson has not been crowned with success so far. 

In this form describes the interaction of the massive vector boson A with the massive, real, scalar field q (called the Higgs boson ), whose mass squared is given by... 

What has happened is that in the spontaneously broken symmetry the gauge boson has acquired mass at the expense of the would-be Goldstone boson, which simply disappears. For each vector gauge field that gets massive we need one complex scalar field, one piece of which becomes unphysical and disappears (it reappears as the longitudinal mode of the vector field) leaving one real scalar physical field, the Higgs boson. 

It was actually chosen before the Higg Boson armouncement. One of the things that was interesting and just a little bit of inspiration was the search for the Higg Boson particle and the way that the particle changed the understanding of the universe and science. 

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN was designed to prove or disprove the existence of the Higgs boson. A very powerful particle accelerator was needed, because Higgs bosons might not be seen in lower energy experiments, and because huge numbers of collisions would need to be studied. 

SSB in finite-size atomic systems is not less real and observable than that in infinite systems with phase transitions. By analyzing all the types of structural SSB we reveal the origin of the internal forces that break the symmetry (Sections III and V-Vn). In aU the cases SSB is a quantum effect that in atomic systems occurs due to the electron-nuclear (vibronic) interactions in conditions of electronic degeneracy and pseudodegeneracy (the Jahn-TeUer effect (JTE) and pseudo JTE (PJTE), respectively), and this is the only (unique) source of SSB in such systems similar degeneracies are associated with SSB in elementary particle interactions. With regard to the latter, SSB is presently a hot topic in view of the recent observation of the Higgs boson (Section VIII). 

The Higgs potential is introduced ad hoc, and its reality cannot be confirmed experimentally directly, but the consequences of its existence were confirmed by observing the Higgs boson in experiments with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2012. This indirectly confirmed also the idea that aU our observations are about one of the degenerate states of the broken symmetry of the Universe. Similar Higgs-field behavior was observed in superconductors [84] (coherent excited states in superconducting condensates with SSB were predicted earlier [85]). 

At the time of writing, the world of physics is buzzing with the identification of a Higgs field. In the popular press, which refers to the Higgs boson as the God particle, we read [1] that... 

It is the last unobserved piece of the Standard Model, the most convincing explanation available for the way the universe works... The purpose of the Higgs boson is to inculcate mass into those particles which weigh something... The search for the Higgs is a search for closure on the old world. Supersymmetry is the new. It might also (explain) dark matter . 

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