Higgs particle

In an attempt to prove their ideas, physicists build bigger and more powerful colliders to hunt for basic particles like the Higgs particle, and the top quark, a shadowy... 

The first line describes the selfinteracting massive Higgs particles, the second line the free vector gauge fields Wfj, x) and the third and forth... 

In recent years a search has been made for a hypothetical particle known as the Hi s particle or Higgs boson, suggested in 1966 by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, which could possibly explain why the carriers of the electro-weak field (w and z bosons) have mass. The Higgs particle is thought to be responsible possibly for the mass of objects throughout the universe. 

Another consequence of the standard model (SM), at least in its minimal form, is the existence of a doublet of scalar bosons H, the Higgs particles whose field was written as H x) in earlier chapters. It is possible to have larger schemes with more than one Higgs or, alternatively, to try to produce the spontaneous symmetry breaking that gives the particles their masses by dynamical means (Weinberg, 1976a) and thus to avoid the need for the H. 

Assuming that mu < Mz a number of rare Z decays into Higgs particles are possible such as Z Hff, Z Hj or, if the Higgs is sufficiently low in mass, even Z HHff etc. The rates for these decays may be rather low as compared with the dominant Z decays (i.e. Z Z QQ) but if some 10 Z events were... 

Only supercolliders, either hadronic such as SSC (v/i 40 TeV), LHC ( /i 16 — 20 TeV) or e" e , such as CLIC y/s 2 TeV) could pursue the hunt for Higgs particles of mass higher than the Z. Up to 2M v or, roughly, up to 200 GeV/c the main decay mode would still be that into the heaviest pair of quarks allowed by phase space whereas for m/f > 2Mw, or mn 200 GeV/c, the Higgs will decay predominantly into W W or as we have already mentioned. 

For heavy Higgs particles mu Mw), the principal contribution is logarithmic ... 

Table I presents the estimate of the electron EDM predicted by different particle physics models [8, 9]. As can be seen from this table, the value of the electron EDM in the SM is 10-12 orders of magnitude smaller than in the other models. This is due to the fact that the first nonvanishing contribution to this quantity arises from three-loop diagrams [30]. There are strong cancellations between diagrams at the one-loop as well as two-loop levels. It is indeed significant that the electron EDM is sensitive to a variety of extensions of the SM including supersymmetry (SUSY), multi-Higgs, left-right symmetry, lepton...

Interpreted, as it is, within the standard model, Higgs theory has little meaning in the real world, failing, as it does to relate the broken symmetry of the field to the chirality of space, time and matter. Only vindication of the conjecture is expected to be the heralded observation of the field bosons at stupendous temperatures in monstrous particle accelerators of the future. However, the mathematical model, without cosmological baggage, identifies important structural characteristics of any material universe. The most obvious stipulation is to confirm that inertial matter cannot survive in high-symmetry euclidean space. 

The second Higgs field acts in such a way that if the vacuum expectation value is zero, ( ) = 0, then the symmetry breaking mechanism effectively collapses to the Higgs mechanism of the standard SU(2) x U(l) electroweak theory. The result is a vector electromagnetic gauge theory 0(3)/> and a broken chiral SU(2) weak interaction theory. The mass of the vector boson sector is in the A(3) boson plus the W and Z° particles. 

The starting Lagrangian on the U(l) level for a free particle, such as an electron, is the standard Lagrangian for the Higgs mechanism ... 

The left-hand side is the nonrelativistic kinetic energy of one particle. It can be seen that the Higgs mechanism changes the classical nonrelativistic expression... 

In Newtonian mechanics, the particle cannot be found below V = 0, therefore Newtonian mechanics always corresponds to V = 0 [e.g., Eq. (398)], and this represents, classically, an insurmountable barrier to a particle such as an electron attempting to enter the Higgs region below V = 0. In quantum mechanics, however, an electron may enter the Higgs region by quantum tunneling, which occurs when E < V = 0. The wave function for this process is well known to be [68]... 

Alba, F. Crawley, G.M. Fatkin, J. Higgs, D.M.J. Kippax, P.G., Acoustic spectroscopy as a technique for the particle sizing of high concentration colloids, emulsions and suspensions Colloids and Surfaces A Physiochem. Eng. Asp. 1999, 15, 495-502. 

Interpretation (ii) has triumphed, but one may still argue about what m really is. If m is a fundamental "essence," of dimension [M], then force and field have dimensions [M] [L] [T]-2, while energy has units [M] [L]2 [T] 2. What rest mass an elementary particle should have may be predictable if the Higgs boson is ever found. 

Til Alba, F., Crawley, G.M., Higgs, D.M.J. and Kippax, P.C. (1998), Partec 98, Preprints 1, 2%l-296, Proc. 7th European Symposium Particle Characterization, Numberg, Germany publ. NOmbergMesse GmBH, MesseZentrum, D-90471, NUmberg, 578... 

Wall effects in capillary flow of suspensions such as apple sauce occur as a result of velocity gradient near the wall that in turn causes the suspended particles to move away from the wall region. The net result is slip of the fluid at the wall (23., 24.) The correct shear rate can be calculated from flow rates corrected for slip. The procedure, due to Mooney (42.), requires the use of several capillaries of different different length to diameter ratios has been applied to food suspensions by Higgs (38) and Kokini and Plutchok (22.) to show that slip effects are significant. These results also suggest caution in using... 

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