The Henry’s law constant

The constants in Eqs. XVII-88-XVI1-90 may be calculated fiom theory to give the Henry s law constant K from Eq. XVII-87, the experimental n /P dien gives the surface area. Alternatively, the constants may be arrived at from an experimental K (assuming that A is known) and either the isosteric heat of adsorption... 

In general, gas solubilities are measured at constant temperature as a function of pressure. Permanent gases (gases with critical temperatures below room temperature) will not condense to form an additional liquid phase no matter how high the applied pressure. However, condensable gases (those with critical temperatures above room temperature) will condense to form a liquid phase when the vapor pressure is reached. The solubilities of many gases in normal liquids are quite low and can be adequately described at ambient pressure or below by Henry s law. The Henry s law constant is defined as... 

The Henry s Law constant, H, can be substituted for the equilibrium constant, K, when the system operates at or very close to atmospheric pressure ... 

Constants a and b were determined from a linear regression for x /Xq = 4.75% and x>j and Xq = 0.05% for the packed and tray towers. The optimum stripping factor decreases as the Henry s Law constant decreases. Due to the complex relationship between cost and performance, the authors [143] recommend caution in attempting to extrapolate from the water flotvrate ranges shown. 

The Henry s law constant for the solubility of radon in water at 30°C is 9.57 X 10-6 Mlmm Hg. Radon is present with other gases in a sample taken from an aquifer at 30°C. Radon has a mole fraction of 2.7 X 10-6 in the gaseous mixture. The gaseous mixture is shaken with water at a total pressure of 28 atm. Calculate the concentration of radon in the water. Express your answers using the following concentration units. 

The activity of the solute in the two solvents is given by the respective fugacity over the Henry s law constant ratios given above, so that equation (6.168) becomes... 

HARRIOTT 25 suggested that, as a result of the effects of interfaeial tension, the layers of fluid in the immediate vicinity of the interface would frequently be unaffected by the mixing process postulated in the penetration theory. There would then be a thin laminar layer unaffected by the mixing process and offering a constant resistance to mass transfer. The overall resistance may be calculated in a manner similar to that used in the previous section where the total resistance to transfer was made up of two components—a Him resistance in one phase and a penetration model resistance in the other. It is necessary in equation 10.132 to put the Henry s law constant equal to unity and the diffusivity Df in the film equal to that in the remainder of the fluid D. The driving force is then CAi — CAo in place of C Ao — JPCAo, and the mass transfer rate at time t is given for a film thickness L by ... 

Here Ac = Ca - XhCw with Cg and Cw representing the concentrations in the air and water respectively and Kh the Henry s law constant. The parameter K, linking the flux and the concentration difference, has the dimension of a velocity. It is often referred to as the transfer (or piston) velocity. The reciprocal of the transfer velocity corresponds to a resistance to transfer across the surface. The total resistance R — K ) can be viewed as the sum of an air resistance (i a) and a water resistance (Rw). ... 

The mass transfer coefficients, Kg and Ky, are overall coefficients analogous to an overall heat transfer coefficient, but the analogy between heat and mass transfer breaks down for mass transfer across a phase boundary. Temperature has a common measure, so that thermal equilibrium is reached when the two phases have the same temperature. Compositional equilibrium is achieved at different values for the phase compositions. The equilibrium concentrations are related, not by equality, as for temperature, but by proportionality through an equilibrium relationship. This proportionality constant can be the Henry s law constant Kh, but there is no guarantee that Henry s law will apply over the necessary concentration range. More generally, Kyy is a function of composition and temperature that serves as a (local) proportionality constant between the gas- and liquid-phase concentrations. 

The vapor pressure of methyl parathion is relatively low (9.7x10 mmHg), as is the Henry s law constant (6.2x10 atm-mVmol) (EPA 1984a HSDB 1999 Rice et al. 1997 Sanders and Seiber 1983). The volatilization of methyl parathion from soil and water has generally been found to be correspondingly low. 

C12-0061. At 25 °C, the equilibrium pressure of ammonia vapor above a 0.500 M aqueous ammonia solution is 6.8 torr. Calculate the Henry s law constant and determine the equilibrium pressure of ammonia vapor above a 2.5 M solution. 

The Henry s law constant value of 2.Ox 10 atm-m /mol at 20°C suggests that trichloroethylene partitions rapidly to the atmosphere from surface water. The major route of removal of trichloroethylene from water is volatilization (EPA 1985c). Laboratory studies have demonstrated that trichloroethylene volatilizes rapidly from water (Chodola et al. 1989 Dilling 1977 Okouchi 1986 Roberts and Dandliker 1983). Dilling et al. (1975) reported the experimental half-life with respect to volatilization of 1 mg/L trichloroethylene from water to be an average of 21 minutes at approximately 25 °C in an open container. Although volatilization is rapid, actual volatilization rates are dependent upon temperature, water movement and depth, associated air movement, and other factors. A mathematical model based on Pick s diffusion law has been developed to describe trichloroethylene volatilization from quiescent water, and the rate constant was found to be inversely proportional to the square of the water depth (Peng et al. 1994). 

It can be immediately seen that for components exhibiting Raoultian behaviour, the activity coefficient is equal to unity. The Henry s law constant k is nothing but the activity coefficient Yj. Noting that Henrian behaviour is exhibited when the component i is present in very low concentrations, the constant is also expressed in this case as y and is known as the activity coefficient at infinite dilution. Henry s law may now be stated as... 

In an air sparging system, the primary mechanism for contaminant removal is by the transfer of contaminants from the dissolved to the vapor phase. The extent to which this transfer can take place during air sparging depends on the Henry s law constant, which is an indication of the extent to which each will partition between the dissolved state and the vapor state under equilibrium conditions. A contaminant with a greater Henry s law constant is more readily stripped from groundwater by air sparging than one with a lower Henry s law constant. 

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