The Greek Alphabet

Fleming et al. (1985) define A, as the independent failure rate and higher order effects in order of the Greek alphabet (skipping a). The conditional probability that a CCF is shared by one... 

Unlike his boss, Rutherford was a skilled experimentalist. His apparatuses were usually jury-rigged and crude, but they got the job done. His work with the particles and rays spontaneously emitted by radioactive elements led him to conclude that their emissions came in two forms. With admirable simplicity, Rutherford named them for the first two letters in the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta. After Cambridge, Rutherford accepted physics professorships at universities in Canada and Manchester, England, J.J. Thomsons hometown. He continued to work with radioactive... 

Shortly after Rutherford named those two emissions, a third one was discovered. It was named gamma, the third letter in the Greek alphabet. All of these names can be bewildering, but radioactive emissions actually come in only two fundamental forms electromagnetic radiation and particles. 

There is no systematic nomenclature developed for molecular sieve materials. The discoverer of a synthehc species based on a characteristic X-ray powder diffraction pattern and chemical composihon typicaUy assigns trivial symbols. The early syn-thehc materials discovered by Milton, Breck and coworkers at Uruon Carbide used the modem Lahn alphabet, for example, zeoHtes A, B, X, Y, L. The use of the Greek alphabet was inihated by Mobil and Union Carbide with the zeoHtes alpha, beta, omega. Many of the synthetic zeoHtes which have the structural topology of mineral zeoHte species were assigned the name of the mineral, for example, syn-thehc mordenite, chabazite, erionite and offretite.The molecular sieve Hterature is replete with acronyms ZSM-5, -11, ZK-4 (Mobil), EU-1, FU-1, NU-1 (ICI), LZ-210, AlPO, SAPO, MeAPO, etc. (Union Carbide, UOP) and ECR-1 (Exxon). The one pubHcaHon on nomenclature by lUPAC in 1979 is Hmited to the then-known zeoHte-type materials [3]. 

The second letter in the Greek alphabet hence, used to denote the second item in a series (for example, the second methylene carbon from the carboxyl group of a fatty acid). 2. Symbol for the coefficient of [B] in the denominator of a generalized rate expression. 3. Symbol for reciprocal temperature parameter, p = llkT. 4. Symbol for pressure coefficient, p = (dpldT)y. 5. Symbol for depth of penetration of light (Napierian). 6. p, Symbol for electron. 7. /3+, Symbol for positron. 

S 1. Fourth letter in the Greek alphabet hence, used to denote the fourth item in a series (for example, the fourth methylene carbon in a fatty acid). 2. Symbol for thickness. 3. Symbol for chemical shift in NMR. 

The fifth letter in the Greek alphabet hence, used to denote the fifth in a series (for example, the fifth methylene carbon in a fatty acid). 2. Symbol for molar absorption coefficient or extinction coefficient. 3. Symbol for permittivity (cq refers to permittivity of a vacuum refers to relative permittivity). 4. s, Symbol for degree of activation (lUB (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 128, 281). 5. 8i, Symbol for degree of inhibition. 6. Symbol for efficiency. 7. Symbol for linear strain. 8. Symbol for emit-tance. 

The relationships between the layers are ratios. They describe numerically the vibrations of the three essential notes in the music scale the whole note, which had a ratio of one to two the perfect fifth, which has a ratio of two to three and the perfect fourth, which has a ratio of three to four. Together with the four physical layers, these musical layers provide seven layers altogether. Like the ziggurat the Tetractys had seven layers, but here numbers have replaced the gods as emanations. To fill out the musical scale Pythagoras devised four other notes and created the Western diatonic scale with seven notes. Pythagoras believed that the seven notes captured the sound of each of the seven planets—the music of the spheres—and he used the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet to denote them. 

The most common cyclodextrins (discussed in Section 7.4) formed of6, 7 or 8 g/wcopyranoside units are called a-, [3-and y-cyclodextrins 11, 13 and 68 [8, 9a]. Further letters of the Greek alphabet are used to denote next members of the series but there is a small designation problem with cyclodextrin consisting of 5 g/wcopyranoside rings 69. Namely, on the basis of model calculations for more than 20 years the latter molecule was thought to be sentenced to non-existence in view of excessive strain [28]. Nevertheless, it was recently successfully synthesized by Nakagawa et al. [29] but no shorthand name was proposed for it. 

The three most common forms of radiation coming from a radioactive substance are called by the first three letters of the Greek alphabet, OC, (5, J-—alpha, beta, and gamma. In a magnetic field, alpha rays bend one way, beta rays bend the other way, and gamma rays do not bend at all. Note that the alpha rays bend less than do the beta rays. This happens because the alpha particles have more inertia (because they have more mass) than the beta particles. JThe source of all three radiations is a radioactive material placed at the bottom of a hole drilled in a lead block. 

Scientists have known since 1896 that many nuclides are radioactive—that is, they spontaneously emit radiation. Early studies of radioactive nuclei, or radionuclides, by the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1897 showed that there are three common types of radiation with markedly different properties alpha (a), beta (f3), and gamma (y) radiation, named after the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. 

The carbonyl group in an aldehyde is by definition at the terminal position in the carbon chain (R CH2 CH2 CHO). Branching in the carbon chain, or the presence of a functional substituent group, is located by systematic numbering letters of the Greek alphabet may be used to specify in general terms substituents relative to the carbonyl carbon. Illustrative representations are shown below for ... 

The compounds described in this section are diketones keto acids and keto esters, which may also be classified as dicarbonyl compounds, are considered in Section 5.14.3, p. 735. The relative location of the two carbonyl groups in the carbon chain may be designated numerically or by letters of the Greek alphabet. The alkyl groups may be the same or different the formulae below also represent keto aldehydes and dialdehydes when one or both of the residues (R), are hydrogen. 

The substituted carboxylic acids discussed in this section possess a halogen (X), a hydroxyl group (OH), a keto group (CO), or an amino group (NH2) as the additional function. The location of the substituents may be designated systematically by numerals or by letters of the Greek alphabet. Illustrative representations are given for ... 

Interferon, a small protein containing fewer than two hundred amino acids, is an interesting example of a biologically active polypeptide. There are three classes of interferon, labeled by the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. Interferon-a is used to treat leukemia, hepatitis B and C, and Kaposi s sarcoma. Interferon-/3 finds use as a treatment for multiple sclerosis and interferon-y has applications in treating a rare genetic disorder called granulomatous disease. 

Successive letters of the Greek alphabet are used as superscripts on the chemical symbol of the atom, with the superscript number 1 or 2 added in the case of branched chains (see Table 3). Hydrogen atoms, not shown in Table 3, are indicated according to the heavier atom to which they are attached, as follows. The hydrogen carries the superscript symbol (a, / , y, etc.) of the heavier atom, with an additional superscript (1, 2, 3, etc.) if there is more than one hydrogen atom attached to the heavier atom. The... 

The most commonly encountered are the first few letters of the Greek alphabet, which are... 

Chi is a letter of the Greek alphabet and chi-square is often written as y2. This test is not implemented in all statistical packages, but is so simple to calculate that we can realistically perform it manually. 

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