The First Regulations

In 1976, when Indian parliament passed the 42nd amendment of its constitution safeguarding the environment, it became the first country in the world to do so. Essentially, The Water (Prevention Control) Act, 1974 can be considered to be truly the first regulation on environmental management in India. At present, there are several pollution regulations in India (Harish C. Sharma—www.petroleumbazaar.com/Library/Pollu-tion) viz. ... 

Obviously, decision makers did not remain unconcerned, especially considering traffic emissions. The first regulation came into force by September 1971, a few months before the first earth summit the Stockholm conference. It was the starting point of a long sequence of amendment steps towards more and more stringent emission limit values, also associated with numerous technical standards (monitoring procedures, test cycle profiles, vehicle fleet typology,. ..). 

Since the pollutants from automobiles have greatly increased with the rapid increase of automobiles in recent years in China, the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China decreed the first regulation controlling pollutants from automobiles in 1983. Successes have been scored in some large cities in the implementation of the regulation in their battle against pollution. The catalysts currently used for this purpose are mainly those containing noble metals of Pt, Pd, Rh etc. But it would be valuable to develop non-noble metal oxide catalysts in view of the rich resources and low cost in China. 

The latest amendment to United Nations Regulation No. 46 is based on the ISO 16505 2015 and is the first regulation permitting the use of CMS as an alternative to mirrors for passenger cars as well as for commercial vehicles. The proposal to amend UN R.46 was adopted in November 2015 by the World Fomm for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) and is expected to enter into force around August 2016 [3]. 

UN Regulation No. 46 is the first regulation worldwide to allow the replacement of the mandatory rearview mirrors by CMS. The details of the amended regulation are explained in Sect. 3. 

FIGURE 1 Exponential growth in the number of pubhcations (research papers and patents) in (7) all nanotechnology areas and (2) nanobiomedicine area. Arrow denotes approval datum of the first regulation documents for implants in the United States and 1 year later in Europe. 

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