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The Employment of Women

Though there may have been some validity to Whiteley s conclusion, in the postwar era there had been a dramatic societal change. The women who had entered employment during the war as heroines — particularly the munitions workers — were vilified in the postwar era, as Elizabeth Roberts commented They [Pg.473]

The feminist author Irene Clephane described in 1935 how public sentiment towards working women had changed dramatically and rapidly with the return of the job-hungry ex-servicemen  [Pg.474]

From being the saviours of the nation, women in employment were degraded in the public press to the position of ruthless self-seekers depriving men and their dependents of a livelihood. The woman who had no one to support her, the woman who herself had dependents, the woman who had no necessity, save that of the urge to personal independence and integrity, to earn all of them became, in many people s minds, objects of opprobrium.9 [Pg.474]

Married women became a particular target. In 1918, the Civil Service had instituted a bar on the employment of married women and during the 1920s, many authorities banned the hiring of married women teachers in schools and fired those then employed.10 [Pg.474]

It was not just a change in attitude to the employment of women rather, it was as if the New Woman of the 1880s had never been, as Susan Kent commented The post-war backlash against feminism extended beyond the question of women s employment a Kinder, Kiiche, Kirche ideology stressing traditional femininity and motherhood permeated British culture. 11 The feminist journalist Cicely Mary Hamilton had made the same observation back in 1935  [Pg.474]


As part of the final chapter, we will revisit the issue of the employment of women chemists in the post-First World War era. [Pg.465]

This question of marriage is undeniably a deterring factor in the employment of women scientists in industry. Firm after firm, among the large number which the Journal of Careers has consulted, raises it as an objection. Even a woman who did brilliant work for some years, of a quality which is still remembered by men colleagues in terms of highest praise, apparently closed the door to other women in that particular firm, for it is recorded but she left to get married and we haven t employed a woman since. 36... [Pg.483]

As Horrocks noted,37 the two leading photographic companies, Ilford and Kodak, had positive attitudes to the employment of women chemists, and as a result gained two outstanding women researchers Frances Hamer and Nellie Fisher. [Pg.498]

Early in the [Second World] war the view was that the employment of women in chemical works would necessarily be severely limited. However, certain firms which have put the matter to practical test have found that women can be substituted for men to a far greater extent than was thought possible, provided attention is given to certain points.96... [Pg.512]

The employment of women in the work force for the chemical and allied products sector has increased from 27% in 1984 to 32% in 1994, while in all manufacturing the percentage remained essentially constant at about 33% over the same time period. (See Table 8.19 for details in other sectors.)... [Pg.311]

Ineson, Antonia and Deborah Thom. 1985. T.N.T. Poisoning and the Employment of Women Workers in the First World War. In Paul WeindUng (ed.). The Social History of Occupational Health. London Croom Helm. [Pg.263]

In Chap. 10, we provide an account of the pioneering women pharmacists, some of whom had been active chemists. Even more than crystallography and biochemistry, pharmacy was a direction in which women chemists could find employment. In addition, the fight for the admission of women to... [Pg.7]

We give an overview of the different employment avenues for women chemists in the interwar period and choose exemplars for each. The chapter concludes with examples of women chemists who used the opportunities of the Second World War to develop career directions, though the effect of that war on women chemists seems to have been less momentous than that of the 1914-1918 conflict. The late 1940s seem to be an appropriate place to end the book, for as Evelyn Fox Keller has observed, the mid-20th century represented the nadir of the history of women in science. 11... [Pg.9]

Briefly stated, the position of those unfavourable to the admission of women is that, while gladly offering to those women who already have become chemists measures which would give them benefits derived from attendance at the meetings, they deem it inexpedient publicly to encourage women to adopt chemistry as a professional pursuit, since such a course would tempt them into a career in which they may ultimately not find employment in view of the already overcrowded state of the profession. [Pg.70]

Just as the memory of the women chemists of Bedford and Royal Holloway Colleges have been forgotten, so has the important role of the London School of Medicine for Women prior to its absorption into the Royal Free Hospital. Not only did it provide a reliable conduit for the education of women doctors, but its chemistry department employed a series of talented women, a significant proportion of the chemistry graduates of RHC. [Pg.164]

Even though it was possible to find appointments with just the Apothecaries Assistant s examination, Spencer expressed concern that these minimally qualified women would hurt the cause of women pharmacists If they do so, by their inexperience they bring the whole question of the employment of ladies in pharmacy into disrepute. 27... [Pg.394]

Women were encouraged to use the Association s employment service to take up the Association s special insurance and annuity scheme to participate in the training programme involving the interchange of women apprentices between retail and hospital services and to start their own businesses, preferably as a joint venture between two or three women of congenial tastes. 50... [Pg.399]

Nevertheless, despite the gloomy forecasts, Horrocks has shown that during the interwar period many women chemists did find employment in industry, particularly the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textiles, and photographic industries.37 We will conclude this section with one case study, the life of Kathleen Culhane. For so many of the forgotten women chemists, scanty information remains on their life and work but for Culhane, we have a rich narrative that epitomises the struggle of women seeking an industrial chemistry career during the interwar period. [Pg.484]

We have shown above that certain companies were receptive to the hiring of women, but the majority were not. The Journal of Careers article on careers for women scientists in 1938 reported that many of the large companies employing chemists did not employ women and were very open about it, one firm replying that all applications from women scientists are automatically ruled through . 36 An Institute of Chemistry survey showed that of 963 available positions during 1935 and 1936, only 80 were open to women.71 In this section, we will provide a selection of other research career pathways followed by women chemists. [Pg.502]

Anon. (1941). War-time employment of women in the chemical industry. Chemistry and Industry 873—875. [Pg.526]

Less than 1% of the construction industry operative and site-based workforce are women (UCATT 2015), and it has been estimated that less than 4% within the workforce as a whole are from a black or ethnic minority background (Chaudhry 2014). Whilst the industry has been a traditional employer of foreign and migrant workers on sites, they have been estimated to only form around 12% of the site-based workforce (McMeeken 2015). The vast majority of the site-based workforce is white and male. The lack of women within the workforce has led to what is frequently described as a macho culture on sites, and on UK construction sites at least, this last bastion of the traditional male working class is characterised by the use of sexual language and humour, macho behaviour... [Pg.10]


See other pages where The Employment of Women is mentioned: [Pg.97]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.399]    [Pg.473]    [Pg.475]    [Pg.483]    [Pg.511]    [Pg.298]    [Pg.315]    [Pg.97]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.399]    [Pg.473]    [Pg.475]    [Pg.483]    [Pg.511]    [Pg.298]    [Pg.315]    [Pg.459]    [Pg.457]    [Pg.459]    [Pg.464]    [Pg.239]    [Pg.6]    [Pg.135]    [Pg.263]    [Pg.395]    [Pg.511]    [Pg.61]    [Pg.2170]    [Pg.64]    [Pg.251]    [Pg.547]    [Pg.14]    [Pg.154]   


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