Thamnocephalus platyurus

Interestingly, the release of PUFAs without subsequent action of a lipoxygenase can act as a wound-activated defense diatom in rich fresh water biofilms. This reaction could be directly associated with a chemical defense against the grazer Thamnocephalus platyurus [78]. 

Nalecz-Jawecki G, Persoone G (2006) Toxicity of selected pharmaceuticals to the anostracan crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus - comparison of sublethal and lethal effect levels with the 1 h Rapidtoxkit and the 24 h Thamnotoxkit microbiotests. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13 22-27... 

Mefenamic is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain, including menstrual pain. Hata et al. [11] treated that drug with P. sordida, and obtained a 90% reduction in mefenamic acid concentration (initial concentration 24 mg L ) after 6 days. The system produced four metabolites, identified as 3 -hydroxymethyl-mefenamic acid, 3 -hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxymefenamic acid, 3 -hydroxmethyl-6 -hydroxymefenamic acid, and 3 -carboxymefenamic acid. Moreover, the authors confirmed that the fungus almost completely removed the acute lethal toxicity of mefenamic towards the freshwater crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus after 6 days of treatment, suggesting that the metabolites are less toxic than the parental compound. 

Invertebrate species have been widely used in toxicity studies of pesticides [61]. Zooplankton play a key role in the food chain because they occupy a central position. Therefore, their responses to natural and anthropogenic stresses are intimately linked with other food predator organisms. The most widely accepted bioassays employ species such as Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, or Thamnocephalus platyurus [62-64]. D. magna has been used for many years as a standard aquatic test species and formally endorsed by the major international organizations such as the EEC, OECD, and ASTM [65-67]. Its choice is mainly because it represents the zooplankton community and is a species of worldwide occurrence. In addition, it has a greater sensitivity to toxicants, particularly pesticides, compared with other aquatic species [61,68] (Table 1). 

Thamnotoxkit F (formerly A. salina) Crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus [161]... 

Vibrio fischeri, Microtox light inhibition test Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, micro-algal growth inhibition assay Daphnia magna, acute immobilization test Ceriodaphnia dubia, chronic reproduction and survival test Thamnocephalus platyurus, Thamnotoxkit lethality assay. 

The first study was designed to assess the suitability of various microscale bioassays and recommend an appropriate testing strategy for sediment toxicity assessment (Cote et al., 1998a,b). The recommended test batteries included seven micro-scale laboratory assays conducted on bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), cnidarians (Hydra attenuata), micro-crustaceans (Thamnocephalus platyurus), and benthic macroinvertebrates (Hyalella azteca and Chironomus riparius), and involved two phases of exposure (pore water and whole sediment). A total of 16 stations were included in the toxicity assessment scheme. 

THAMN OTOXKIT F Crustaceans (fairy shrimp) Thamnocephalus platyurus 24 h Acute toxicity —... 

Norway - Daphtoxkit F magna microbiotest (acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna) - The Thamnotoxkit F microbiotest (acute toxicity tests with Thamnocephalus platyurus) - The Artoxkit M microbiotest (acute toxicity tests with Artemia salina/franciscana) The assays are to be included in the national law as official ecotoxicological parameters. The State Pollution Control Authority requires ecotoxicological characterization of industrial effluents in combination with the renewal of permissions for the discharge of effluents. 

Sample Microtox Daphnia magna Thamnocephalus platyurus... 

Thamnotoxkit mortality test with the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, with determination of the 24-h LC50. 

CERIODAPHTOXKIT F - Ceriodaphnia dubia (mortality after 24 hours). THAMNOTOXKIT F - Thamnocephalus platyurus (mortality after 24 hours). ROTOXKIT F and ROTOXKIT F short chronic - Brachionus calyci-florus (mortality and reproduction after 24 and 48 hours). 

Cylindrospermopsin s existence was first realized after 149 people were poisoned on Palm Island off the north-east Australian coastline when their freshwater dam became contaminated by C. raciborskii. The molecular mechanism by which this toxin exerts its toxicity is yet to be elucidated. Liver toxicity, however, is the main toxic manifestation but lesions in the kidney, heart, and thymus occur when tested on mice and rats. Orally, cylindrospermopsin has a median lethal dose to mice of 6 mg kg whereas intraperitoneal injection of mice yields an LD50 of 0.2 mg kg Other whole organism assays used to measure cylindrospermopsin toxicity include the brine shrimp Artemia saUna (LD5o = 0.7pgml after 72 h) and the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus. 

The toxicity of lixiviate extracts of soils contaminated with PAHs extracted by water and methanol was evaluated by assays with the Vibrio ftscheri bacteria (Mierotox test), with the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and with miero crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. The toxicity of the lixiviated soils with water was much lower than the extracts lixiviated with methanol, mainly, for the tests carried out with bacteria and alga, which were considered by the authors as the organisms more suitable for the deteetion of the toxicity of soils contaminated by PAHs (Bispo et al., 1999). 

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