Textural triangle

Calculate the percentage of sand, silt and clay and determine the textural class using ISSS textural triangle. 

FIGURE 2.2 Soil textural triangle used to determine relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay. (From Soil Survey Staff, 1975.)... 

FIGURE 7.3 A simplified textural triangle using sand and clay soil contents to find texture class name. (Reprinted from Elgharmy, W., and M. Elashkar, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 26, 612-613, 1962. With permission from the Soil Science Society of America.)... 

Figure 7.1. Categories of smectic liquid crystals. From Smectic Liquid Crystals, Textures and Structures, Gray, G.W. and Goodby, J.W.G. 1984 (Leonard Hill, Glasgow). (Reproduced by kind permission of the authors and publishers.) Side elevation and plan representation of molecular ordering in each of the smectic modifications. Triangles or arrows are used to represent tilt direction.

A SEM image of diamond particles is shown in Figure 9.15. Unlike past works, diamond film surfaces were well facetted with (111) and (100) faces, or consisted of cubo-octahedrons. Under certain conditions, either (111) or (100) faces of diamond particles were nearly parallel to the substrate surface. It is of intrigue that the (1 ll)-oriented diamond grains have hexagonal faces, as seen in Figure 9.15, rather than triangles that were seen in Refs. [186, 187]. Thus, both (111)- and (100)-textured diamond films were demonstrated to be synthesized on poly-crystalline Cu foils. 

The deformation texture of brass sheet (Fig. 9-19) is fairly sharp, and it is then of interest to know whether or not it can be approximated by an ideal orientation. To find this orientation we successively lay several standard projections over the pole figure, looking for a match between (111) poles and high-density regions. The solid triangles in Fig. 9-19 show such a match they represent the (111) poles of a single crystal oriented so that its (110) plane is parallel to the sheet and the [Tl2] direction parallel to the rolling direction. Reflection of these poles in the... 

A pole figure shows the distribution of a selected crystallographic direction relative to certain directions in the specimen. Texture data may also be presented in the form of an inverse pole figure, which shows the distribution of a selected direction in the specimen relative to the crystal axes. The projection plane for an inverse pole figure is therefore a standard projection of the crystal, of which only the unit stereographic triangle need be shown. Both wire and sheet textures may be represented. 

The texture of soil is determined from the relative proportion of sand, silt and clay. Two systems of soil texture classifications, as suggested by ISSS and USDA, are in common use. Both the system make use of an equilateral triangle whose area is divided into 12 compartments, each representing a textural class. The difference is primarily due to differences in size ranges of sand and silt fractions. The triangle based on ISSS size fraction is given in Fig. 2.2. For the... 

Stevens, R., 1983. A new sand-silt-clay triangle for textural nomenclature. Geologiska Foeteningen i Stockholm FoerhandUngar 105 245-250. 

Elgharmy, W., and M. Elashkar. 1962. Simplified textural classification triangles. Soil Science Society of America Journal 26 612-613. 

Many results show that in the crystalline phase the macromolecular chains tend to be oriented along MD, as soon as there is drawing in that direction. As a consequence, the texture remains almost uniaxial even in blown specimens, as shown by Figure 15.28a, where the representative points of the a-, 6-, c-axes in the orientation triangle are close to the MD axis. The orientation tends to become equibiaxial when (1) the blow-up ratio is increased, (2) the freeze line height is increased, or (3) the draw ratio is reduced. In industrial practice, the blow-up ratio is often limited to about four. Therefore, it is necessary to decrease Dr to tend toward a biaxial... 

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