Tetrahydrofuran electrolyte

Much information about lithium deposition/dissolution on inert electrodes has been obtained over the past twenty years. Thorough smdies of the chemical composition of surface films of lithium deposited on a nickel substrate in y-butyrolactone (y-BL) and tetrahydrofurane electrolytes, containing various salts, such as LiClO., LiAsF, LiBF and LiPF were carried out by Kanamura et al. With the use of XPS it was found, that the outer and inner layers of the surface film covering lithium in LiClO y-BL involve LiOH or possibly some LqCO,... 

Little work has been done on bare lithium metal that is well defined and free of surface film [15-24], Odziemkowski and Irish [15] showed that for carefully purified LiAsF6 tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2Me-THF electrolytes the exchange-current density and corrosion potential on the lithium surface immediately after cutting in situ, are primarily determined by two reactions anodic dissolution of lithium, and cathodic reduc-... 

Electrolytic oxidation of tetrahydrofuran Addition of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones... 

Water is involved in most of the photodecomposition reactions. Hence, nonaqueous electrolytes such as methanol, ethanol, N,N-d i methyl forma mide, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, benzonitrile, and molten salts such as A1C13-butyl pyridium chloride are chosen. The efficiency of early cells prepared with nonaqueous solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile were low because of the high resistivity of the electrolyte, limited solubility of the redox species, and poor bulk and surface properties of the semiconductor. Recently, reasonably efficient and fairly stable cells have been prepared with nonaqueous electrolytes with a proper design of the electrolyte redox couple and by careful control of the material and surface properties [7], Results with single-crystal semiconductor electrodes can be obtained from table 2 in Ref. 15. Unfortunately, the efficiencies and stabilities achieved cannot justify the use of singlecrystal materials. Table 2 in Ref. 15 summarizes the results of liquid junction solar cells prepared with polycrystalline and thin-film semiconductors [15]. As can be seen the efficiencies are fair. Thin films provide several advantages over bulk materials. Despite these possibilities, the actual efficiencies of solid-state polycrystalline thin-film PV solar cells exceed those obtained with electrochemical PV cells [22,23]. 

Hetero-excimer chemiluminescence yields were measured by A. Weller and K. Zachariasse 214) the system dimethylanthracene anion radical/tri-p-tolylaminium perchlorate in tetrahydrofurane exhibits particularly strong chemiluminescence with quantum yields of about 7.5 x 10-2 215>. A. J. Bard and coworkers 216> very thoroughly investigated the influence of several parameters, e.g. supporting electrolyte concentration, on the efficiency of electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 

Figure 18 Cyclic voltammetric responses at different temperatures of ferrocene in a 16 17 1 chloroethane tetrahydrofuran 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran solution containing LiBF4 (0.6 mol dm 3) as supporting electrolyte, (a) Platinum electrode (b) Tl 1223 ( Tl0.sPbo.s Sr2Ca2Cu306). Scan rate 0.025 V s. Potential values are referred to a pseudo-reference silver wire...

With conventional techniques and electrolytes, it was not possible to obtain living anions because they are rapidly protonated by tetraalkylammonium salts and residual water. The first report of the production of living polymers by an electrolytic method has to be attributed to Yamazald et al. [247], who used tetrahydrofuran as solvent, and LiAlH4 or NaAl(C2H5)4 as electrolyte for the polymerization of a-methylstyrene. A similar technique was used to polymerize styrene as well as derivatives [248-252]. 

Electrolyte solutions of various aprotic organic solvents are used in primary lithium batteries. Among the organic solvents are alkyl carbonates [PC (er = 64.4-), ethylene carbonate (EC, 89.640°c)> dimethyl carbonate (DMC, 3.1), diethyl carbonate (DEC, 2.8)], ethers [DME (7.2), tetrahydrofuran (THF, 7.4), 2-Me-THF (6.2),... 

The behavior of electrolytes in aqueous organic mixtures, particularly those consisting of dipolar aprotic solvents (1,2, S, 4,5,6) has long been a subject of considerable importance. Interest in dipolar aprotic solvent-water mixtures arises, in part, from the recent studies of tetrahydrofuran-water mixtures (7), which involved ion-solvation and proton bonding. Because of the scarcity of... 

The use of solvents that favor association of electrolytes, for example, dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran. This is the reason for their much higher specific resistances than the other solvents containing similar amounts of electrolyte (Table 12.1). 

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