Test spills

Mearns AJ (1998) Cleaning oiled shores putting bioremediation to the test. Spill Sci Technol Bull 4 209-217... 

TABLE 26-19 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Ammonia Concentrations in Ammonia Spill Tests... 

The equipment has also proven to be failsafe in all modes of normal operation, as well as all abnormal modes that have been diseovered. This was a eoneern beeause there were no personnel near the site to deteet blowing gas, lube oil spills, or any number of other undesirable eonditions. The system has been thoroughly tested and has always operated safely. 

Elsworth et al. (1983) report experiments performed in an open-topped channel 52 m long x 5 m high whose width was variable from 1 to 3 m. Experiments were performed with propane, both premixed as vapor and after a realistic spill of liquid within the channel. In some of the premixed combustion tests, baffles 1-2 m high were inserted into the bottom of the channel. Ignition of the propane-air mixtures revealed typical flame speeds of 4 m/s for the spill tests, and maximum flame speeds of 12.3 m/s in the premixed combustion tests. Pressure transducers recorded strong oscillations, but no quasi-static ovetpressure. 

Goldwire, Jr., H. C., H. C. Rodean, R. T. Cederwall, E. J. Kansa, R. P. Koopman, J. W. McClure, T. G. McRae, L. K. Morris, L. Kamppiner, R. D. Kiefer, P. A. Urtiew and C. D. Lind. 1983. Coyote series data rejwrt LLNL/NWC 1981 LNG spill tests, dispersion, vapor bum, and rapid-phase-transition. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCID-I9953. Vol. 2. 

Similar behavior was observed for LNG clouds during both continuous and instantaneous tests, but average flame speeds were lower the maximum speed observed in any of the tests was 10 m/s. Following premixed combustion, the flame burned through the fuel-rich portion of the cloud. This stage of combustion was more evident for continuous spills, where the rate of flame propagation, particularly for LNG spills, was very low. In one of the continuous LNG tests, a wind speed of only 4.5 m/s was sufficient to hold the flame stationary at a point some 65 m from the spill point for almost 1 minute the spill rate was then reduced. 

A field test was conducted by spraying a commercial oil spill-dispersant (Corexit 9527) from aircraft [696]. Test objectives were to determine the efficiency of delivering the dispersant to a selected target using a large aircraft and to compare various measurement systems for droplet size and spray pattern distribution. The results indicated that aerial flights up to 46 m can produce droplet sizes and swath widths that would be operationally effective for an oil spill. 

Biodegradable oil spill dispersants with high efficiency and low toxicity have been prepared and tested. They consist of nonionic and low-toxicity surfactants with different molecular weights [2]. The relationship between interfacial tension and the efficiency and chemical structure of the prepared oil spill dispersants was also studied. 

A test to determine the biodegradation rate of the dispersant and the biodegradation rate of the dispersant-oil mixture has been proposed [1302]. The test method is intended to supplement the toxicity tests and the effectiveness tests, which evaluate the performance of oil spill dispersants. 

Effectiveness Testing. Initially, it was emphasized that oil spill-treating agents can be divided into four classes solidifiers, demulsifying agents, surfacewashing agents, and dispersants. 

P. J. Brandvik, O. O. Knudsen, M. O. Moldestad, and P. S. Daling. Laboratory testing of dispersants under arctic conditions. In Proceedings Volume, pages 191-206. 2nd ASTM Use of Chem in Oil Spill Response Symp (Victoria, Canada, 10/10-10/11), 1994. 

M. Fingas, B. Fieldhouse, I. Bier, D. Conrod, and E. Tennyson. Development of a test for water-in-oil emulsion breakers. In Proceedings Volume, volume 2, pages 909-954. 16th Environ Can Arctic Mar Oil Spill Program Tech Semin (Calgary, Canada, 611-619), 1993. 

M. F. Fingas, R. Stoodley, and N. Laroche. Effectiveness testing of spill-treating agents. Oil Chem Pollut, 7(4) 331-34S, 1990. 

M. Mulyono, E. Jasjfi, and M. Maloringan. Biodegradation test for oil spill dispersant (OSD) and OSD-oil mixture. In Proceedings Volume, pages 355-363. 5th Asian Counc Petrol Conf (Ascope 93) (Bangkok, Thailand, 11/2-11/6), 1993. 

D. Sullivan, J. Farlow, and K. A. Sahatjian. Evaluation of three oil spill laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests. In Proceedings Volume, pages... 

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