Ternary and Quaternary Systems

Snee, T.J., Barcons, C., Hernandez, H., and Zaldivar, J.M., 1992, J. Thermal Analysis, 38, 2729. Sdrensen, J.M. and Arit, W.. 1980, Liquid-Liquid Equilibria Data Collection. Vol. V. Part 3 Ternary and Quaternary Systems , DECHEMA Chemistry Data, Dechema, Frankfurt. 

These studies, carried out by measuring interfacial tensions, Yq , between aqueous and oil phases, by using the pendant drop method, show that this method is very useful for ternary and quaternary systems. In one system (A), NaDDS + H2O + n-butanol + Toluene... 

Synthesis of zeolites in mixed alkali-TMA systems is extended to quaternary cation systems in zeolites described in a patent by Kouwen-hoven and Cole (17). These zeolites, designed KSO-2-6, are synthesized from ternary and quaternary systems of TMA and Na, and a third or fourth cation consisting of K or Li, or both. They have pore volumes in the region of 0.12-0.15 cm3/gram and stated pore sizes from 5 to 7 A. All appear to be related to previously known structure types. 

Recently a fairly inexpensive way of high-temperature experimentation has been found to investigate refractory sulfides and related multicomponent systems up to temperatures of nearly 2000 °C using resistance furnaces. These techniques are discussed below and applied to some sulfide systems, in particular of those metals which belong to the VI-B group. The binary systems chromium-sulfur, molybdenum-sulfur, tungsten-sulfur, as well as some other ternary and quaternary systems and their reactions are reviewed and completed within the limits of the new experimental procedure. 

Dohrn, R., A.P. Biinz, F. Devlieghere and D. Thelen. 1993. Experimental measurements of phase equilibria for ternary and quaternary systems of glucose, water, C02, and ethanol with a novel apparatus. Fluid Phase Equil. 83 149-158. 

Historically, oxide catalysts have been used primarily for vapor phase reactions in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Recent work, however, has shown that these catalysts can also be effective in promoting a number of synthetically useful reactions. While simple oxides show activity for some oxidations they are more commonly used as solid acids or bases. Complex oxides can act as acids or bases as well as oxidation catalysts. Complex oxides can range in composition from the simple, amorphous, binary oxides to the more complex ternary and quaternary systems. The use of zeolites and clays can impart shape selectivity to a number of reactions, a feature that makes these systems particularly appealing for use in synthesis. 

Ehsan Sheikholeslamzadeh and Sohrab Rohani. Vapour-liquid and vapour-liquid-liquid equilibrium modeling for binary, ternary, and quaternary systems of solvents. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 333, 97-105. 

Ternary and quaternary systems are also tested with A to C and C to D, respectively, if necessary. The gradient profile conditions (Section 25.3) are programmed, the system is rinsed thoroughly, and the gradient is run and registered. The profile is evaluated as shown in Figure 25.2. 

The nonaqueous systems also form liquid crystals analogous to aqueous systems in ternary systems with an added weakly hydrophilic component. SDS has been extensively employed in studies of ternary and quaternary systems with glycerol or formamide, a long-chain alcohol, and, sometimes, hydrocarbon [97-101], In the SDS-glycerol-decanol system the lamellar phase swells extensively, even more so than in water [97], While no liquid crystals form at room temperature in the binary systems, a D-phase occurs when decanol is added. 

J. M. Sorensen and W. Arlt, eds., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Chemistry Data Series, vol. V part 3, Ternary and Quaternary Systems. Frankfurt DECHEMA, 1980. 

In ternary and quaternary systems, the following hnes are either for a second solvent or a second polymer, e g., in ternary systems with two solvents... 

Most studies have focused on ternary and quaternary systems (with an electrolyte as the fourth component or an alcohol as cosurfactant in the latter) of both ionic [6,37-41] and nonionic [28,42] surfactants. The shape of the transient birefringence signal and the number, amplitude, and rate of the relaxations typically depend on composition, temperature, and field strength. Since the thermodynamic conditions affect the aggregation number ( , size, and stability of the particles as well as the phase behavior of the system, the distance (Tc — T) from a critical temperature and the distance from a critical composition Cc also have a major influence. 

Teible 1 Composition of the Ternary and Quaternary Systems of Water, -Undecane, C12-14 All l Polyglycol Ethers and -Pentanol Used in the Model Detergency Tests"... 

The phase behavior of ternary and quaternary systems of the type water-oil-surfactant-cosurfactant is affected strongly by the addition of other components. Therefore, it is questioned how the solubilization of soil during the use of microemulsions as cleaning media in the washing process influences their existence region in the phase diagram and their solubilization power. To test this effect, the temperature dependence of the phase behavior of samples 10-28 (see Table 2) after their use in model... 

Vega and Funk (1974) presented a thermodynamic correlation for solid-liquid equilibria in concentrated aqueous salt solutions and applied the correlation to the six-component system containing Na+, K+, Mg +, NO, SO " from 0 to 50 °C. In their correlation they define an activity coefficient as if the given salt were a non-electrolyte, although this new quantity is easily related to the mean ionic activity coefficient 7 . The derived parameters are claimed to enable correlation of equilibria for ternary and quaternary systems with errors in liquid phase composition of less than 2g salt per 100 g water. 

Synthesis of colloidal III-V, IV-VI nanocrystals and some ternary and quaternary systems has been tabulated in Table 3.1. 

Azeotropic behavior is not limited to binary systems only. Also ternary and quaternary azeotropic points are observed. For the determination of the azeotropic points in ternary and quaternary systems, thermodynamic models (g -models, equations of state, group contribution methods) can again be applied [40]. Azeotropic points in homogeneous systems can be found with the help of nonlinear regression methods. At the azeotropic point all separation factors aij show a value of 1 in the case of homogeneous systems. This means that the following condition has to be fulfilled ... 

Recent studies have shown that incorporation of boron element into sihcon-based ceramics increases their thermal stability and retard crystallization [202-204]. For example, the materials of the binary system Si—N start to crystallize at 7 =1,000 °C forming a-Si3N4, while metastable solid solutions of the ternary and quaternary systems Si—C—N and Si—B—C—N withstand crystallization up to 1,450 and 1,700 °C, respectively [205]. In order to form an amorphous uniform phase in the final multinary ceramics, the ceramic elements are preferably distributed homogeneously in the preceramic polymers. The general consensus in the ceramics community is that the quaternary system Si—B—C—N as well as the ternary systems Si—B—N and Si—B—C would be particularly suitable for producing amorphous ceramics that resist the microstructural changes even at top loads. 

The diagram of multiple critical points for ternary and quaternary systems in r-space is presented in Figure 3.100. 

The study of these ternary (and quaternary) systems is an extensive and promising area but outside the scope of this book (for a general review of these systems, see Ref 24). 

Solubility da ta have been reported for several ternary and quaternary systems but in only a few Instances have data for a given system been reported by more than one investigator (s). In three of the systems solid phases other than the components or their hydrates have been reported. 

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