Tensile stress-strain plot

Higher extent of silica generation with high TEOS concentration improves the mechanical properties severalfolds as illustrated by the tensile stress-strain plots on ACM-sdica hybrid nanocomposites on increasing TEOS concentrations in Figure 3.6. 

FIGURE 3.6 Tensile stress-strain plots of acrylic mbber (ACM)-silica hybrid nanocomposites using different tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) concentrations. The number in the legends indicates wt% TEOS concentrations. (From Bandyopadhyay, A., Bhowmick, A.K., and De Sarkar, M., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 93, 2579, 2004. Courtesy of Wiley InterScience.)... 

FIGURE 3.13 Tensile stress-strain plots for acrylic rubber (ACM)-siUca and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-sibca hybrid composites synthesized from various solvents (a) ACM-siUca and (b) ENR-siUca. The letters after the rubbers in the legend indicate solvents used T = THF, M = methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), D = DME, E = EAc, CH = CHCl3, CC CCLj. (From Bandyopadhyay, A., De Sarkar, M., and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 95, 1418, 2005 and Bandyopadhyay, A., De Sarkar, M., and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Mater. Sci., 40, 53, 2005. Courtesy of Wiley InterScience and Springer, respectively.)... 

FIGURE 4.8 Comparative tensile stress-strain plot of polychloroprene-ordinary zinc oxide (ZnO) and poly-chloroprene-nano-ZnO system. (From Sahoo, S., Kar, S., Ganguly, A., Maiti, M., and Bhowmick, A.K., Polym. Polym. Compos., 2007 (in press). Courtesy of Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)... 

Figure I Tensile stress-strain plot for peel arm showing elastic modulus (Ei), plastic modulus (E2) and yield strain.

Figure 8. Tensile stress-strain plots of the PNF as a function of irradiation dose.

Typical marine adhesive tensile stress-strain plots, (a) PU, (b) methacrylate (48 h room temperature and 24 h RT then 2 h 110°C curing), (c) epoxy (12 h RT, 4 h 50°C cure)... 

Fig. 39 Improvement of physical properties of various rubbers through incorporation of clay or swollen clay 50% modulus (a), tensile strength (b), elongation at break (c), and the stress-strain plots for natural rubber (d). The strain was measured on the basis of clamp distance measurements...

For both EPDM-LDH and XNBR-LDH nanocomposites, the various tensile properties are summarized in Table 13 and their typical stress-strain plots are shown in Fig. 58 [104]. In Fig. 58a, the gum vulcanizates of both rubber systems showed typical NR-like stress-strain behavior with a sharp upturn in the stress-strain plot after an apparent plateau region, indicating strain-induced crystallization. With the addition of LDH-C10 in the XNBR matrix, the stress value at all strains increased significantly, indicating that the matrix undergoes further curing (Fig. 58b). 

FIGURE 12.11 Improvements of the mechanical properties of three-dimensional reinforced CMCs by hybrid infiltration routes (a) R.T. flexural stress-strain plots for a three-dimensional carbon fiber reinforced composite before and after cycles of infiltration (comparison between eight cycles with zirconium propoxide and fonr cycles pins a last infiltration with aluminum-silicon ester (b) plot of the mechanical strength as a fnnction of the final open porosity for composites and matrix of equivalent porosity, before and after infiltration (Reprinted from Colomban, R and Wey, M., Sol-gel control of the matrix net-shape sintering in 3D reinforced ceramic matrix composites, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17, 1475, 1997. With permission from Elsevier) (c) R.T. tensile behavior (d) comparison of the R.T. mechanical strength after thermal treatments at various temperatures. (Reprinted from Colomban, R, Tailoring of the nano/microstructure of heterogeneous ceramics by sol-gel routes, Ceram. Trans., 95, 243, 1998. With permission from The American Ceramic Society.)... 

Despite the difficulties associated with the BMI/copper laminates (as just discussed), an understanding of their adhesion characteristics remains important. In particular there is an interest in the relationship between adhesive fracture toughness and temperature. This can be approached by use of either test geometry. The fixed arm peel procedure can be conducted at different test temperatures. The tensile stress-strain properties of the peel arm can also be measured at these temperatures and adhesive fracture toughness calculated in the usual manner and plotted against temperature. This can be a time-consuming process that can be overcome by use of a T-peel procedure operating as a temperature scan. 

Fig. 11.5 The tensile stress-strain curves of the two-phase PC/PMMA blends, obtained at room temperature. The plots illustrate a stepwise transition of yielding by crazing characteristic of PMMA, to shear banding, characteristic of PC (From Kyu et al. (1991) reprinted with permission of Hanser Verlag)...

In Fig. 11.5, the stress-strain plots are depicted for a series of two-phase PC/PMMA blends with various concentrations. The phase-separated morphology was obtained by melt mixing. The position of the yield point on the stress-strain curves illustrates the stepwise transition of micromechanism of tensile deformation, characteristic of PMMA, which is crazing, to the mechanism of deformation, characteristic of PC - shear 5delding. 

Fig. 5.1 The top schematic figure shows the strain hardening on plotting a tensile stress-strain curve. The bottom curves show that the yield stresses for specimens, reloaded after each unloading, are ffoi, Co2 and

Fig. 2. Stress-strain plot. A is initial modulus, B is elongation-to-break, C is yield strength, D is elongation-to-break, and E is tensile strength. From Ref. 25, with permission.

The tensile response of the samples could further be analyzed using the stress-strain plots. The stress-strain curves of NBI, H2I, H5I, H8I and HIOI are plotted in Figure 15.7. It could be seen from the plot that the neat blend (NBI) yields and fails at a low stress, indicating that PET component in the form of spherical particles are not able to act as reinforcement for the PP matrix. H2I yields and fails at a higher stress level in comparison... 

A stress-strain plot can be derived from a tensile load-extension experiment, as depicted schematically in Figure 8.6. The energy of debonding is obtained from the area OAB, and the usually larger pull-out energy is associated with the area... 

The tensile test is the experimental stress-strain test method most widely employed to characterize the mechanical properties of materials like plastics, metals, and wood. From any complete test record one can obtain important information concerning a material s elastic properties, the character and extent of its plastic deformation, and its yield and tensile strengths and toughness. That so much information can be obtained from one test of a material justifies its extensive use. To provide a framework for the varied responses to tensile loading in load-bearing materials that occur, several stress-strain plots, reflecting different deformation characteristics, will be examined. 

The suggestion to expand the treatment in this way is due to Mooney. It was readily accepted and applied with success for the description of tensile stress-strain curves. Figure 7.12 presents an example which also reveals, however, a major deficiency. Data are shown in the form of a Mooney-plot , which is based on Eq. (7.105), written as... 

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