Tendons, Bone, Muscle, and Fat

In patients with leg ischemia fleroxacin diffused into both ischemic and non-ischemic tissues (bone, subcutaneous fat, muscle, and tendons) after a 400 mg intravenous dose (126). Since the maximum antibiotic concentrations were lower than the MICs of various relevant pathogens, the dose used for perioperative prophylaxis in these patients should be increased to 800 mg. 

Perhaps the most characterized stem cell is the one residing in the adult bone marrow - that is, the hematopoietic stem cell which gives rise to aU blood cell types [73]. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adult bone marrow and be induced in vitro and in vivo to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues, including bone, cartilage, tendon, fat, bone marrow stroma, and muscle [74]. 

For most parts of the body a layer of subcutaneous fat (with a thickness of several millimetres to centimetres) is situated between the skin and the muscles. The muscles are arranged around the bones where the tendons insert. 

Currently, as outlined above in Section 15.3, MSCs are the main model for stem cells, for their ability to differentiate into multiple tissue, bone, cartilage, tendon, fibroblast, fat, or muscle in addition, they can be readily expanded ex vivo for several passages and, therefore, a large number can be obtained for seeding onto 3D scaffolds. Finally, MSCs regulate immune and inflammatoiy response, and can also have a reparative effect through... 

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