Tenderizers, commercial

Pipelines. The feasibility of pipeline transportation depends on the availability of very large quantities of compatible materials between locations with sufficient storage facilities. Thus, pipeline transportation is predominantly, but not exclusively, limited to the movement of hydrocarbons, many of which are raw materials in the production of petrochemicals. Although proprietary pipelines (qv), generally of short distances, ate not unusual, commercial petroleum pipelines are considered to be common carriers available to serve all customers who can tender sufficient quantities of acceptable liquids for transportation between terminals. 

Once the bidders have been selected, an Invitation to Tender (ITT) needs to be prepared to provide a fixed baseline against which unbiased competitive bids may be made. The technical, commercial, and managerial requirements should be finalized and subject to review and approval prior to release. It is important that all functions with responsibili-... 

Service companies are always pleased to assist prospective buyers by providing specifications that are then written into a forthcoming water treatment bid request. This facility can be of genuine benefit to the buyer. However, and needless to say, where no buyer control is exercised, the temptation exists either to write the requirements tightly around the service company s products or to restrict the disclosure of certain operational and commercial information critical to competitors in their bid-price calculations. This practice can occur when the time comes to offer an existing tender for re-bid, and an existing vendor may risk losing its account. 

The tendering process is primarily associated with the overall engineering and commercial considerations but is important to the validation program in that it provides the means to ... 

The tender package documentation needs to provide all the elements necessary to define the project, and typically includes the project validation plan, a detailed scope of work, the URS, the documentation deliverables, and the associated commercial documentation. 

In using a Sterilamp for the tenderization and preservation of meat and the preservation of other types of foods, a controlled amount of ozone is generated by the lamp to destroy or suppress growth of mold and bacteria in the unirradiated areas. Minute amounts of ozone are also used to destroy odors in both commercial and domestic refrigerators and in air-conditioning systems. 

Examples abound of drug formulations tbat need to be adjusted to extreme pH in order to dissolve tbe drug. Thiopental bas a pKa of 7.6 at 20°C (McLeish, 1992) and tbe solubility of tbe neutral species is approximately 80 pg/mL (Yalkowsky and He, 2003). Because of tbis low solubility, the formulation pH is almost 4 log units above tbe pKa, approximately 10 to 11. Another example is phenytoin, with a pKa of 8.3 (Larsen, 1989), and an intrinsic solubility of 26 pg/mL (Yalkowsky and He, 2003). Tbe commercial preparation is adjusted to pH 12. At physiologic pH (7.4), the solubility of these compounds is quite low, and injection of these high pH formulations, when diluted in blood, may cause precipitation near the injection site, especially upon rapid injection. Soft tissue irritation and inflammation has occurred at the site of injection with and without extravasation of intravenous phenytoin. Reactions may vary from slight tenderness to necrosis (Wheless, 1998). 

Table I, based on Mighton s (21) studies, shows that the average sugar content of cured meat varies from 0.10% in canned corn beef to 2.32% in cooked bacon. Gross (11) later analyzed a number of commercial hams produced by six different packers and obtained on the open market. The average sugar contents were tender smoked, 0.65% ready-to-eat smoked, 0.74% boned and rolled in transparent casings, 0.31% and canned, 0.75%.

Of the many functions of proteolytic enzymes listed in Table I, the most extensively used commercially are chillproofing of beer, production of cheese, tenderization of meats, and production of protein hydrolysates. Two of the most active research areas at the moment include use of proteolytic enzymes for plastein formation (see Proteolytic-Induced Aggregation of Proteins, p. 99) and the solubilization of fish protein concentrate. 

---