Temporal sampling

Dynamical Entropy In order to capture the dynamics of a CML pattern, Kaneko has constructed what amounts to it mutual information between two successive patterns at a given time interval [kaneko93]. It is defined by first obtaining an estimate, through spatio-temporal samplings, of the probability transition matrix Td,d = transition horn domain of size D to a domain of size D. The dynamical entropy, Sd, is then given by... 

Craig et al. (1975) cite minimal 20% uncertainties in both (Z EHe) and w and assign a 50% uncertainty to the overall result. With due allowance for thin geographic and temporal sampling, an error of a factor of two would not be surprising. This is an important geochemical parameter that clearly warrants more attention. 

Reed, D.J. (1987) Temporal sampling and discharge asymmetry in salt marsh creeks. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25. 

There are several types of water matrices that are sampled and analyzed, including surface waters (rivers, lakes, and runoff water), groundwater and springwater, potable (drinking) water, estuarine waters, saline water, water from the atmosphere (rainwater, snow, fog, dew), steam, and process waters. Some of these can be quite heterogeneous, either spatially or temporally. Sampling considerations will depend on the type of water sample. 

The geographic and temporal sampling frame, taking into account issues of safety, cost, and fairness to a multitude of local communities. 

In a study that included comprehensive spatial and temporal sampling, 70% of the total herbicide concentration in water from the Mississippi River Basin was from transformation products [39]. Other studies in the United States have documented similar results. For example, in 1993, the annual load of alachlor ethanesulfonic acid was almost 500 metric t whereas, the annual load of alachlor was less than 50 metric t [40]. 

Spatial detection of stimulus asymmetries has been proposed as a strategy that provides more information than temporal sampling to large aquatic crustaceans... 

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