Temporal Muscle

By the deep temporal nerve, which branches off the anterior tmnk of the mandibular nerve (3rd division of the trigeminal nerve). 

From the floor of temporal fossa as well as the fascia covering the muscle. 

Into the apex and the anterior border of the coronoid process of the mandible. 

The patient is either seated with the head resting on a headrest or lying supine with the head in neutral position. 

Two-fingers breadth above the zygomatic arch, and two-fingers breadth posterior to the eye commissurae. 

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If inserted too close to the external eye orbit, it could be in the orbicularis oculi. If inserted too close to the zygomatic arch, it could be in the tendinous portion of the temporal muscle. 

The growth of animals can be defined as an increase in mass of whole body, tissue(s), organ(s), or ceU(s) with time. This type of growth can be characterized by morphometric measurements eg, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue growth can be described by observing temporal changes in ceU number, ie, hyperplasia, and ceU size, ie, hypertrophy. Growth also includes developmental aspects of function and metaboHsm of cells and tissues from conception to maturity. 

NFAT2 plays a key role in the development of the embryo s heart. In the precursor cells, there is a temporal and spatial specific expression of NFAT2, which directs the formation of the valves and the septum in the heart. In the adult heart, NFAT proteins also cooperate with transcription factors of the GATA and MEF2 families to regulate cardiac muscle hypertrophic responses. 

Ca2+ is the main intracellular signalling molecule in smooth muscle. Fluctuation in local cytoplasmic [Ca2+] near Ca2+-sensitive effector molecules allows for specific regulation of multiple functions. These temporal fluctuations and spatial variations of cytoplasmic [Ca2+] are dependent on the interactions of ion transport proteins located in the plasma membrane (PM) and membranes of the sacoplasmic reticulum (SR), nuclear envelope and mitochondria. These... 

The cerebral cortex is conventionally subdivided into four main regions that may be delineated by the sulci, or large clefts, termed the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. These names are derived from the bones of the skull which overlay them. Each lobe may be further subdivided according to its cellular structure and composition. Thus Brodmarm has divided the cortex into approximately 50 discrete areas according to the specific cellular structure and function. For example, electrical stimulation of the strip of cerebral cortex in front of the central sulcus (see Figure 1.3) is responsible for motor commands to the muscles. This is termed the primary motor cortex and can be further subdivided according to which muscles are controlled in different parts of the body. 

The principal cytoskeletal proteins in non-muscle cells are actin, tubulin, and the components of intermediate filaments. Actin can exist either as monomers ( G-actin ) or polymerized into 70 A diameter double filament ( F-actin ). Polymerized actin usually is localized at the margins of the cells, linked by other proteins to the cell membrane. In contrast, tubulin forms hollow filaments, approximately 250 A in diameter, that are distributed within a cell in association, generally, with cell organelles. Stabilized microtubule structures are found in the flagella and cilia of eucaryotic cells however, in other instances - examples being the mitotic apparatus and the cytoskeletal elements arising in directed cell locomotion - the microtubules are temporal entities. Intermediate filaments, which are composed of keratin-like proteins, are approximately 100 A thick and form stable structural elements that impart rigidity, for example, to nerve axons and epithelial cells. 

Graven-Nielsen, T., Kendall, S. A., Henrikksson, K. G., Bengtsson, M., Sorensen, J., Johnson, A., Gerdle, B., Arendt-Niesen, L. Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients, Pain 2000, 85, 483-491. 

Protein-ligand interactions achieve a special degree of spatial and temporal organization in motor proteins. Muscle contraction results from choreographed interactions between myosin and actin, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP by myosin. 

Doh, S.G., Vahlsing, H.L., Hartikka, J., Liang, X. and Manthorpe, M. (1997) Spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression in mouse skeletal muscle after injection of lacZ plasmid DNA. Gene Ther., 4, 648-663. 

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