Template-joining

RNA polymerase During transcription, an enzyme that attaches to the promoter region of the DNA template, joins nucleotides to form the synthesized strand of RNA and detaches from the template when it reaches the terminator region. 

A. R. Leach, K. Prout, and D. P. Dolata, /. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 2, 107 (1988). An Investigation into the Construction of Molecular Models Using the Template Joining Method. 

Addadi and Weiner (1999) have concisely and critically reviewed these various strategies and have added their own variant - the use of biological templates, for instance bacterium surfaces to assist self-assembly. Here, self-assembly and biomimetics join forces productively. 

The ring templates can be further used to construct larger, multicyclic systems as illustrated in Fig. 7.8. For norbornane, two fitting conformahons of cyclopentane in the envelope conformation can be joined in order to construct the complete 3D structure of norbornane. In this case, this is the only low-energy conformahon known for norbornane due to its rigidity. 

Figure 30 illustrates nine examples of the structures obtained in these simulations. It is clear that the chains group into crystallized kebabs on the shish surface. There are very few areas where the chains are partially or completely stretched under the influence of the shish template. The dominant mode of crystal nucleation on the shish is the growth of folded chains grouped into lamellar nuclei. Also, some of the chains do not join the central structure but drift away from it leaving a large gap on the shish between them. These simulations show clearly that the presence of the ordered template (the shish) influences the nucleation of lamellae and the formation of kebabs. 

At each replication fork there are two DNA polymerase complexes. As the double-stranded DNA is unwound, two template strands are exposed. One of the templates can be replicated in a continuous fashion by DNA polymerase since a continuous synthesis of new strands can occur in the 5 to 3 direction as the template strand is exposed. Since all growing chains must be synthesized in file 5 to 3 direction, the lagging chain must be continuously reinitiated as new template is exposed. The lagging strand is then synthesized discontinuously, in pieces that must be joined together later. 

We will use the idea of join again when we discuss model frameworks in Chapter 9, Model Frameworks and Template Packages. Partial models kept in libraries can be composed to make complete models their documentation need be kept only in one place. 

Join the action specifications and invariants from different views, as decribed in Chapter 9, Model Frameworks and Template Packages (p.371). The covariant join semantics permits different views to impose their own restrictions on the whole. 

The spontaneous self-assembly or template-directed assembly of component monomeric units into polymeric biological macromolecules. 2. The enzyme-catalyzed joining of monomeric units (such as amino acids, sugars, nucleotides) into covalently linked oligomeric or polymeric forms. 

However, recently, material constructed using silica sphere photonic crystals as the template has given a complete 3D-photonic band gap centred on 1.46 pm, which is a favoured wavelength for hbre-optic communications. Sintering of the silica array causes each sphere to be joined by short necks. Silicon is then grown in the... 

RNA directs biosynthesis of various peptides and proteins essential for any living organisms. Protein biosynthesis seems to be catalysed by mRNA rather than protein-based enzymes and occur on the ribosome. On the ribosome, the mRNA acts as a template to pass on the genetic information that it has transcribed from the DNA. The specific ribonucleotide sequence in mRNA forms an instruction or codon that determines the order in which different amino acid residues are to be joined. Each instruction or codon along the mRNA chain comprises a sequence of three ribonucleotides that is specific for a given amino acid. For example, the codon U-U-C on mRNA directs incorporation of the amino acid phenylalanine into the growing protein. 

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