Temperature regulation water loss

To obtain a high ratio between water loss and solids gain (Figure 32.10), a temperature between 20°C and 40°C is recommended [117,152,153]. The degree of dehydration is regulated by the time of osmosis. 

The body is equipped with a number of mechanisms for regulating body water within narrow limits. Important among these mechanisms are nerve centers in the hypothalamus of the brain which control the sensation of thirst and water output by the kidneys. Stimulation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus results when water loss amounts to about 1% of the body weight, and creates the conscious desire for water. If water is not drunk, discomfort increases—heart rate increases, body temperature rises, and working and thinking abilities deteriorate. Heat exhaustion is certain if physical work is attempted when water loss Is 10% of the body weight. Stimulation of other nerve centers in the hypothalamus causes the release of antidluretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary. Release of ADH results In the formation of less urine, thereby conserving body water. The urine formed appears more concentrated, dark, and cloudy than when water intake is adequate. Despite the controls to maintain water balance, several factors can Influence water balance and the requirement for water. 

If these processes produce too much heat, the body attempts to lose heat by vasodilation within the skin (via convection) and sweating (via evaporation of the water in the sweat). Both are well-known characteristics of fever. The patient s experience of alternate shivering and sweating (so well described by Hippocrates) probably represents an impairment of the thermorequlatory centre in the hypothalamus that regulates the balance between heat loss and heat production, resulting in fluctuations in body temperature. 

The intense activity by ecstasy users at dance parties and raves contributes to the effect of the drug and results in profuse sweating and dehydration. A loss of bodily salt combined with rapidly drinking large quantities of water can result in a fluid imbalance that leads to epilepsy-like seizures or a compression of a part of the brain that regulates breathing or circulation. Salt and fluid depletion in combination with the intense activity and elevated body temperature often associated with... 

Unattended operations must be planned with automatic safety switches that prevent serious damage (fire, flooding, explosion) in case of accidental equipment failure or interruption of utility services such as electricity, water, or gas supplies. Of special concern are the constant flow of cooling water and the operation of high-temperature baths. In the case of water flow, a device should be installed in the water line to (1) automatically regulate the water pressure (so as to avoid surges that might disconnect or rupture a water hose), and (2) automatically turn off electrical connections and water-supply valves in case of a total loss of water supply. In the case of hot thermostat baths or ovens, a sensor/control device should be installed that automatically turns off the electrical power to all heaters if the temperature exceeds some preset upper limit. 

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