Teleoperated systems

Action support (AS) The system assists the operator with performance of the selected action, although some human control actions are required. A teleoperation system is a common example. 

Li, M., Okamura, A.M. Recognition of operator motions for real-time assistance using virtual fixtures. In Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, pp. 125-31(2003)... 

Massie, T.H., and Salisbury, J.K., The PHANToM haptic interface A device for probing virtual objects, Proc. ASME Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems in Dynamic Systems and Control, pp. 295-301,1994. 

Delays The delays correspond to the time between the acquisitions and displays of an image. Users can easily adapt to delays below 50 ms in teleoperated systems. Higher delays impact user performance and cause discomfort [52]. 

Robots can also be controlled from a distance. Teleoperated systems can be controlled by human operators situated either a few centimeters away, as in robotic surgeries, or millions of miles away, as in outer space applications. Supervisory control is a term given to teleoperation in which the robots themselves are capable of performing the vast majority of their tasks independently human operators are present merely to monitor the robots behavior and occasionally offer high-level instructions. 

Biggs J, Srinivasan M (2002b) Tangential versus normal displacements of skin relative effectiveness for producing tactile sensations. In Proceedings of 10th symposium on haptic interfaces virtual environ teleoperator systems HAPTICS, Orlando, pp 121-128... 

Dassonville, L, JoUy, D., Desodf A.M. Trust between man and machine in a teleoperation system. Reliabihty Engineering System Safety (Safety of Robotic Systems) 53(3), 319-... 

Alpha robot Active, teleoperated MicroDexterity Systems Inc. 5 DOF parallel manipulator mounted on the stereotactic frame... 

Although the primary impact of teleoperated robots in surgical applications over the next years will probably be in applications in which the surgeon remains close to the patient, there has also been considerable interest in remote telesurgery. 2s.i27 jjj addition to the design issues associated with local telesurgery, these systems must cope with the effects of communication delays and possible interruptions on overall performance. 

Meanwhile, in the area of remote manipulation, electrohydraulic, or electromechanical, bilateral master-slave systems were developed for the nuclear power industry to reduce the mental burden placed on the operator by providing force reflection. Aircraft controls for large planes and some high-performance military aircraft, building on work from the field of teleoperation or remote manipulation, have done away with the direct physical interconnection of the pilot and flight surfaces and now use fly-by-wire systems. 

Jacobsen, S. C., Smith, F. M., Iversen, E. K., and Backman, D. K. (1990). High Performance, High Dexterity, Force Reflective Teleoperator. Proceedings of the 38th Conference on Remote Systems Technology, American Nuclear Society (ANS), La Grange Park, Illinois, vol. 2, pp. 180-185. 

Teleoperation appeared in the fifties in the nuclear industry from the need to manipulate radioactive materials. Purely mechanical systems were first developed, followed by bilaterally coupled robots. The use of this technology has since extended to other environments which are inaccessible due to their hostile nature (e.g., space and subsea), to their scale (minimally invasive surgery and micro- and nanomanipulation), or to their virtual nature (digital environments and virtual reality) [30-31]. 

Garawi et al. [67] 2006 US WT Teleoperated robotic system for mobile tele-echography (OTELO project)... 

Basic grip and trigger concepts. (From Bejczy, A.K., Teleoperation and telerobotics, in The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Nwokah, O.D.L, and Hurmuzlu, Y., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002, p. 687.)... 

Hannaford, B., Wood, L., McAfee, D. and Zak, H. (1991) Performance Evaluation of a Six Axis Generahzed Force Reflecting Teleoperator, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21, 620-3. 

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