Technical and Economic Considerations

Some of the important considerations for cogeneration system are as follows  

Capital cost of steam turbo generator set consisting of 

Type of electrical generator (synchronous or induction type) 

Load characteristics the sequence of operation of various drives/electrical loads, and their individual starting currents and running currents. A sudden heavy load can result in tripping of the TG set. This needs to be considered when some other units at the site are also supplied with the power generated. 

Cost of accessories capital and running cost for cooling tower water pumps, water treatment plant, etc. 

---

Feasibility Analysis The selection procedure is performed by an evaluation or technical and economic considerations. The technical evaluation determines whether a given option will work as planned. Some typical considerations follow ... 

The decision to cathodically protect reinforced concrete structures depends on technical and economic considerations. Cathodic protection is not an economic process for small area displacements of the concrete due to corrosion of the reinforcing steel arising from insufficient concrete covering. On the other hand, the... 

The value of the ratio f = Aq/A is recommended to be taken based on the following technical and economical considerations ... 

The phase Na2Sx is sodium polysulfide, a material with a sulfur content of between 3 and 5. The anode reaction takes place at the liquid sodium - (3"-alununa interface. Here sodium atoms lose an electron and the Na+ ions formed enter the conduction planes in the electrolyte. The cathode reaction, which occurs at the interface between the (3"-alumina and the liquid sulfur forms sodium polysulfides. Despite the desirable properties of the cell, technical and economic considerations have acted so as to curtail large-scale commercial production. 

Some activities need to be carried out jointly by the industrial property and technology transfer specialists. An example is the decision on whether or not an invention is patentable, or should be patented, based on technical and economic considerations, and industrial property policies. 

In photochemistry, and especially in photo-initiated AOP applications, it is obvious that the appropriate selection of the lamp type largely determines the effectiveness of the desired process. The evaluation has to take into account technical and economic considerations. First, the radiation source must emit radiation that is absorbed by the reactant, i.e. the emission spectrum of the lamp must match the absorbance spectrum of the reactant to a maximum extent. Secondly, the electric input power Pef/W of a radiant source determines the radiant power P/W of... 

To avoid the product losses the recycling cascades are employed (Figure 30.2). The cascades with reflux are more complicated and the capital costs and costs of operation are higher they are sensible only in the case of expensive row material. Technical and economic considerations on such systems were performed in basic books for isotope separation [11,12], as well as by Hwang and Kammermeyer [13]. 

There are many technological schemes for petroleum preparation. However, technical and economic considerations determine which scheme is used and the location of installation. It is known that the lowest capital investment and operational costs for petroleum preparation are for installations in locations of the greatest petroleum concentration (collector stations, commodity parks, and head offices). 

A number of important technical and economic considerations are involved in the use of sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (silver salt) for the preparation of 2-Bminoanthraquinone. The cost of chloroanthra-quinone is approximately the same as anthraquinone when they are prepared according to the Friedel-Crafts reaction. The former lends itself to the direct production of an amine of 97-98.5 per cent purity. The product from silver salt is, however, of a higher purity and can, furthermore, be prepared at a lower operating temperature (viz., 170-180 C) so that steam-jacketed equipment can be employed. Consequently, despite economic handicaps, the silver-salt process is firmly entrenched and is used to a considerable extent. 

In any case, it is often not possible to find well-consolidated criteria that allow a decision to be made in favour of one method or another on the basis of technical and economic considerations. Ideally, prevention options should be compared on... 

Tests of high-capacity stationary cells with auxiliary catalytic electrodes were conducted at a number of battery plants, but on grounds of certain technical and economical considerations, this method of recombination of hydrogen and oxygen has not found wide practical application in the battery industry. 

Dean D, Dodge T, Valle F, Chotani G. (2006) Development of biorefineries— technical and economic considerations. In Kamm B. et al., editor. Biorefineries—Industrial Processes and Products. Status Quo and Future Directions. Weinheim, Germany WUey-VCH, pp. 67-83. 

On the basis of the technical and economical considerations, the methanol oxidative carbonylation process (eq. 2) was selected. 

Nielsen, PM Brask, J Fjerbaek, L. Enzymatic biodiesel production technical and economical considerations. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2008, v. 110, 692-700. 

Meuwissen, M.P.M., A.G.J. Velthuis, H. Hogeveen and R.B.M. Huirne, 2003a. Technical and economic considerations about traceability and certification in livestock production chains. In A.G.J. Velthuis, L.J. Unnevehr, H. Hogeveen and R.B.M. Huirne (eds.) New approaches to food-safety economics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 49-62. 

Processes and products developed to produce industrial materials from renewable resources have been too numerous to record here. For competitive reasons — supply of raw materials and technical and economic considerations — some of the products have varied widely in industrial use. Major U.S. industrial consumption of renewable resources have recently included oils and fats (animal and vegetable) industrial alcohol (wheat, corn, grain sorghum) fibers (cotton lint, flax, hides and skins) paper (forest products) isolated proteins (milk casein, animal glues, soybean, corn) turpentine and rosin (naval stores) and other chemicals (monosodiiim glutamate--wheat starch and dextrin—corn lactose—milk molasses and pulp residues --sugarcane and beet tannin lecithin pectin furfural). 

---