Taurine distribution

Macaione, S., Tucci, G., and Di Giorgio, R. M., 1975, Taurine distribution in rat tissues during development, Ital, Biochem., 24 162. 

TAURINE DISTRIBUTION IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FRACTIONS FROM OX RETINA... 

Data showing taurine distribution in primary and secondary subcellular fractions are given in Table I. 

In comparison to taurine distribution, cysteine dioxygenase activity was found to be present predominantly in particulate fractions whereas only about 39% was in the soluble fraction ( Table II). 

The brain contains several transporters specialized for rapid uptake of neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate,423-425 glycine,426 y-aminobutyrate (Gaba),427/428 and catecholamines and also for taurine, L-proline,429 serotonin,430 and other substances. Many of these are not only Na+ dependent but also require cotransport of Cl-.428-430 There are several different glutamate transporter genes with specialized distribution in the brain and other tissues.423 424... 

DC Woollard, HE Indyk. The determination and distribution of taurine in dairy products. Food Cheni... 

Didier A, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J. 1994. Differential subcellular distribution of glutamate and taurine in primary olfactory neurons. Neuroreport 6 145-148. 

Zhang N, Ottersen OP (1992) Differential cellular distribution of two sulphur-containing amino acids in rat cerebellum. An immunocytochemical investigation using antisera to taurine and homocysteic acid. Exp Brain Res 90 11-20. 

Polydispersity of simple bile salt micelles can only be assessed by modem QLS techniques employing the 2nd cumulant analysis of the time decay of the autocorrelation function [146,161]. These studies have shown, in the cases of the 4 taurine conjugates in 10 g/dl concentrations in both 0.15 M and 0.6 M NaCl, that the distribution in the polydispersity index (V) varies from 20% for small n values to 50% for large n values [6,146]. Others [112] have foimd much smaller V values (2-10%) for the unconjugated bile salts in 5% (w/v) solutions. Recently, the significance of QLS-derived polydispersities have been questioned on the basis of the rapid fluctuation in n of micellar assemblies hence V may not actually represent a micellar size distribution [167-169]. This argument is specious, since a micellar size distribution and fast fluctuations in aggregation number are identical quantities on the QLS time scale (jusec-msec) [94]. 

The tissue distribution and metabolism of the herbicide triclopyr was studied in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, after static exposure of animals to 1 or 2.5 ppm for 11 days (25). After exposure at the higher concentration, tail muscle contained 0.3 jig triclopyr equivalents/g, and the elimination half life was 10 days. The concentration in muscle was more than 10-fold lower than the hemolymph concentration (25). The hepatopancreas attained higher concentrations than muscle but lower concentrations than hemolymph at both exposure concentrations. Triclopyr was metabolized in the hepatopancreas to the taurine conjugate and to other polar metabolites (25). 

Chick embryo utilizes 35S-sulphate for the synthesis of 35S-taurine, but the amount of sulphate-sulphur present in the unincubated egg is insufficient to furnish S necessary for the taurine synthesized. Injection167 of L-methionine-35S or of L-cysteine HCl-35S into the egg white, and determination of the distribution of 35S in the chick hatched from the incubated egg revealed that with [35S]cysteine 10% of the administered 35S is located in the chick as taurine, 12% as sulphate, 1.3% as methionine and 49% as cystine. With methionine-35S 9.1% was recovered as taurine, 10% as sulphate, 43% as cystine and 35% as methionine. These findings indicate that methionine is converted to cystine during embryonic development, but significant amounts of cysteine-35S were incorporated also into methionine. Possibly, trans-sulphonation from methionine to cysteine is reversible to some extent in the chick embryo, similarly to what has been found in young rats168. 

Fig. 8. Influence of membrane potential on taurine transport. Influx of taurine into Ehrlich cells is plotted against the distribution ratio of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP) as a metisure of the electrochemical activity coefficient =exp( - F li/RT). (From [50].)...

Subcellular distribution of taurine and cysteinesulph-Inate decarboxylase in developing rat brain, Blochem. 

Relative distribution of radioactivity in hypotaurine (clear columns) and taurine (hatched columns) in the liver and kidney of adult mice in vivo at varying intervals after an intramuscular injection of [ S]hypotaurine. 

Pasantes-Morales, H., Loriette, C., and Chatagner, F., 1977, Regional and subcellular distribution of taurine-synthesizing enzymes in the rat central nervous system, Neurochem. Res., 2 671. 

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