Taurine betaines

A number of different low molecular weight compounds are known to stablize proteins in their native conformation and, therefore, may be effective in correcting of protein folding abnormalities in vivo. Relevant compounds are iV-acetyl-L-lysine, L-camitine, taurine, betaine, ectoine, and hydroxy-ectoine [4]. Some of these chemical chaperones and pharmacological chaperones are already used in clinical trials to combat protein folding diseases, such as cystic fibrosis. 

Bacteria glycine betaine, choline-O-sulfate, proline betaine, taurine betaine,... 

High cell volume activates the Cl chaimel, which begins the release of certain osmolytes (taurine, betaine, and inositol)... 

Goldstein L, Davis EiM. Taurine, betaine, and inositol share a volume-sensitive transporter in skate erythrocyte cell membrane. Am J Physiol 1994 267 R426-R431. 

Miller, J. W Kleven, D. T., Domin, B. A., and Fremau Jr., R. T. (1997) Cloned sodium-land chloride-) dependent high affinity transporters for GABA, glycine, proline, betaine, taurine, and creatine, in Neurotransmitter Transporters Structure, Function, and Regulation (Reith, M. E. A., ed.). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 101-150. 

Serum CKD Healthy subjects 28 patients 80 1H NMR Glucose, lactate, valine, alanine, glutamate, glycine, betaine, myoinositol, taurine, and glycerolphosphocholine (32)... 

Cl dependence has been chiefly associated with amino acids which are not typical amino acids. These include taurine, -alanine, y-amino butyric acid (GABA), and betaine (Schon and Kelly, 1975 Kanner, 1978 Chesney, 1985 Turner, 1986 Kanner and Bendahan, 1990 Tiruppathi et al., 1992 Yamauchi et al., 1992). To a significant extent, some of these atypical amino acids (as well as glycine) are also neurotransmitters, although NaCl-coupled cotransport of these atypical amino acids also occurs outside the nervous system. The specificity for chloride is high. Of the anions tested (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3, and glucuronate) as replacements, only sulphate has proved an effective substitute in a nominal way (25-50% of the activity in chloride see Turner, 1986). 

It was also sound in a supplementary test that glycine betaine serves to produce a delicate flavor. Proline, taurine, and TMAO, although their concentrations are remarkably high, contribute little to the taste, as do the other minor components. It was thereby confirmed that a synthetic extract containing the above twelve components could reproduce the crab-like taste, although it is weaker than that of the mixture containing all the constituents listed in Table VII. 

The synthesis of several proteins playing key roles in osmotic regulation is increased following exposure to hyperosmotic stress (reviewed in Burg et al., 1997). Transporters for glycine betaine, taurine, and inositol all increase in abundance over a period of several hours. This up-regulation of transporter activity... 

Fig. 1). These monoamine transporters belong to the SLC6 gene family of Na -Cl"-coupled neurotransmitter transporters that is also referred to as the neurotransmitter sodium symporter (NSS) family (Chen et al., 2004). In addition to the monoamine transporters, the NSS family includes subfamilies of transporters for GABA, amino acids, creatine, and the osmolytes betaine and taurine (Chen et al., 2004). 

In addition to quaternary pyridine compounds homarine, 101, and trigonelline, 102, (Section 2.3.4), Cellaria spp. and Chartella papyra-cea also contained betaine, 115, taurine, 116, and tetramethylammo-nium ion, 117. Betaine, 115, was also found in Bugula neritina. These compounds occur in other marine invertebrates as well 144). 

The DAT, NET, and SERT are members of the family of Na+, Cl -dependent substrate-specific neuronal membrane transporters, which includes transporters for GABA, glycine, taurine, proline, betaine, and creatine (4-8). The putative structure of these transporters consists of 12 transmembrane domains with both the N- and C-terminal domains located within the cytoplasm. The mechanism of the transporter-mediated uptake of monoamines is believed to involve an electrogenic transport of monoamines by sequential binding and cotransport of Na+ and Cl-ions (4-8). 

---